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1

Odkrycie oraz restauracja dwu nisz we wschodnim pomieszczeniu głównego sanktuarium świątyni królowej Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari

100%

Wysocki Z.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1989

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issue 3-4

251-259

EN

The author of the article, who on behalf of the State Enterprise — the Ateliers for Conservation of Cultural Property — has for 20 years directed the activity of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological- Conservation Mission of Deir el Bahari, describes the state of preservation of the interior, discussing the research observations and the work done here by his predecessors E. Naville and C. Winlock. Following this, he describes the unexpected discovery of two hitherto unknown niches in the temple's sanctuary. He presents the subsequent undertakings connected with their exposure, analyzing the reasons that led to their concealment during the rule of Eurgetes II. He also presents the manner of conducting the restoration undertaken by the mission, whose purpose is to expose the newly discovered niches, with a simultaneous preservation of the legibility of their later concealment by Ptolemaic or secondarily used blocks.

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Restauracja ściany wieńczącej nad III tarasem świątyni Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari : z prac misji PKZ w Egipcie

100%

Misiorowski A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1971

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issue 3

183-196

EN

Apart from archaeological explorations and investigations conducted by the Mediterranean Archaeology Center, University of Warsaw, for several years are carried put the restoration, wortkis in the Queen Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari, West Thebes for whom are responsible Palish experts. The above works are now concentrated on the third terrace of the temple in question. The Hatshepsut Temple ils to be considered as one entirely unique with regard to its design which g re a tly dqparts from those commonly encountered in other Egyptian temples. It is a terrace temple built in tight connection with n atu ra l features of the surrounding site. The third of its three terraces is resting on the steep rock wall. Above this terrace once existed and has been preserved up to our times, however in .scarce fragments only, a stone wall which formed the rock facing being a t the same time architectural cap of the temple itself. The Temple of Queen Hatshepsut was designed as a burial temple by the architect named Sen-Mut ca. 11500 B. C. Within the compass of time it was subjected to different reconstructions u n til the Coptic period and at last seriously damaged. The restoration and investigatory works were started as fa r back as in the mid-nineteenth century (Mariette, iNaville, Wiolock, Baraize). Within the present series of works have been investigated the techniques used for erection of the cap- -watl, surveyed its original overall dimensions and architectural forms. Thanks to the fact th a t the rock terrace of about 10 metres width has been discovered and revealed it became possible to define the original wall height ranging to 8.20 m. However, the shape of its central portion still remains controversial in much the same measure as that of its south end. As the steep rock wall above the temple permanently weathered this wide rook terrace was safeguarding the temple against the falling stones and rock debris. A number of drawings have been prepared representing the alleged architectural solution once applied for th e wall cen tral portion (i.e. th a t above the sanctua ry entrance) and taking as their basis the many times encountered uniformity of constructional solutions lUsed in Egyptian structures. However, none of conceptions being th e result of the above-mentioned studies could be fully supported by facts so it has been decided to leave these fragments not rebuilt. Qnily those partionjs of cap-wall not raising doubts aie being reconstructed in their original overall dimensionls and along their original course. When studying the preserved fragments it became also possible to Obtain an explanation for a jump present a t th e wall footing. I t proved to be nothing else than a rdlic of original flooring th a t was laid on plates forming the covering of portico hall. The objective outlined for restoration of the cap-waill consisted, in addition to restoring the temple’s architectural expression, in restoring the safeguarding function of the rock terrace. To secure distinction between the authentic component p a rts .and those rebuilt and nevertheless for economical reasons all blocks used for the wall construction are made of prefabricated concrete. Their facings are executed from artificial istone having the shade similar to th a t of original stone blocks. As the raw materials for concrete production are used the Portland and white cement, sand and gravel coming from the local lime-stone. To obtain the proper stre n gth the ready blacks are carefully cured. Since the manufacturing conditions are primitive enough (wooden moulds boxes, varying ra te of concrete shrinkage, etc.) and the need exists to meet the highly rigorous tolerance requirements the methods used for manufacture are constantly improved. The free spaice .between th e wall now under construction and the rock face ils being filled with concrete. As the rock structure is easily decayed by wate r and th e space filled has the wedge-like form a number of large -sized steps, measuring about 1.50 m in the ir height and width a re farmed to secure the proper support on rook while to dampen the impacts of faffing stones and rodk debris on completion .of the cap-wall is planned to lay on the rock terrace a sand cushion about ,1.0 m thick. All the Conservation work is carried out under immediate direction of highly skilled architects being the members of expedition sent by the State Ateliers of Historic Monument Conservation whereas the scientific supervision as well as consultations and all the aid within th e Egyptological range is supplied by the Mediterranean Archaeology Center in Cairo, Both the above Course of works and the supervision and p e rsonal help lofferred by Professer K. Michałowski enable to attain in a proper way all the objectives p u t forward by the conservation programme.

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Świątynia królowej Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari : wyniki badań architektonicznych północnego portyku środkowego dziedzińca

100%

Wysocki Z.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1989

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issue 2

167-176

EN

The article describes the state of preservation of the portico and the results of architectonic studies. Basing on the architectonic module present in the composition of the sanctuary, as well as on other traces preserved in the structure, the author analyzes the causes that led to deviations in ancient times in the realization of this element of the structure from the regular modular grid binding at the time of its construction, in the case of several of the portico's components. Hitherto conducted research defined the described portico as the last element of the sanctuary that was under construction, basing this view on its uncompleted and undecorated state preserved to this day. The explanation provided was the death of Queen Hatshepsut and the interruption of construction work because of this. In the light of research conducted by the author, the portico was not the last, but one of the subsequent elements of the sanctuary, which was elevated in two principal phases and in many stages. The reason for it remaining uncompleted was not the queen's death, but the collision that took place during construction work, between the raised portico and the tomb from the 11th dynasty existing in the area of its localization. In this situation the ancient constructor was forced to make deviations in the realization of the project on the modular grid, changing the position of the portico columns and abandoning the realization of one of the formerly planned chapels. In spite of this, in the end construction work had to be abandoned, from fear of leading to a catastrophe. For these reasons the portico has remained uncompleted and undecorated to this day. The research carried out has also made it possible to exclude the hitherto suggested secondary use of sandstone architraves from the neighbouring Mentuhotep sanctuary of the 11th dynasty, for the portico constructed during the times of Hatshepsut.

4

Świątynia królowej Hatszepsut - badania i prace ekipy Pracowni Konserwacji Zabytków

75%

Wysocki Z.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1983

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issue 1-2

69-81

EN

The article describes conservation, research and performance works carried out in Deir-el-Bahari on the temple of the Queen of Hatszepsust, 18th-century ruler of Pharao dynasty. The temple was erected in the 15th century B.C. The author reported the history of its erection. The architecture, harmonizing finely with the surroundings, with a definitely axial setting, accentuated in the facade with a number of porticos that climb with terraces towards an amphitheatre which surrounded the valley of worn-out and ominous rock massif, offers a magnificent panorama. In 1961 a Polish station of the Mediterranean Archeology of Warsaw University in Cairo, headed by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski, acquired a licence to continue works carried out by the predecessors. In 1968 the first group of Polish specialists from the Monuments Conservation Workshop le ft for Deir-el Bahari. The first stage outlined a scope of conservation works and specified elements of the temple to be attended to. Just as the primary task was to restore original architectural proportions to the structure, the stress was put on the main portico and the west protective wall and the top courtyard of the temple. The biggest success in the initial stage of works was the uncovering of the rock shelf hewn by the builders, which runs through the entire width of the highest terrace. This was done during the clearing of the west rock slope after an earthquake and a stone avalanche that afflicted Deir- -el-Bahard. This made it possible for Polish conservators to solve the problem which until then had not allowed for a decision as to the scope of conservation works on some element of the structure. The described discovery enabled the conservators to make a decision on the reconstruction of the uncovered shelf, which at the same time helped to restore the outside block of the building and guaranteed the only possibility to safeguard the building. The missing part of the shelf has been reconstructed by means of new materials — cross-shaped reinforced concrete plates have been used to reduce a future breaking-up of this part of the building, in case of a new catastrophe, i.e. if the rock abruptness was knocked down. In the opinion of Polish specialites this was an interesting technical solution. Having in mind the primary function, concrete arched vaulting was adopted, erected over the ancient construction. At the moment the works are being completed and now the only thing to be yet done is to pile up an absorbing sand cushion an the entire surface of the recreated shelf. This solution has been checked in practice — every year many barrows of rock splinters which had fallen down on the site of the temple are collected. The introduction of concrete cannot of course provide a full protection against, should it occur, the coming off of a rock weighing thousands of tons and hitting the structure from the height of 100 meters. Conservation works covered also a reintegration of its proto-Doric column. This was possible thanks to research works carried out by a mission of the Polish Archaeological Station. During the works in Deir-el-Bahari two unknown niches were uncovered in the first room of the main sanctuary, restored later. Concluding his article, the author points out that to complete in full conservation works in Deir-el-Bahari one would need still a few years’ time.

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4 Ochrona Zabytków

3 Wysocki Z.

1 Misiorowski A.

2 1989

1 1983

1 1971

Odkrycie oraz restauracja dwu nisz we wschodnim pomieszczeniu głównego sanktuarium świątyni królowej Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari

Restauracja ściany wieńczącej nad III tarasem świątyni Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari : z prac misji PKZ w Egipcie

Świątynia królowej Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari : wyniki badań architektonicznych północnego portyku środkowego dziedzińca

Świątynia królowej Hatszepsut - badania i prace ekipy Pracowni Konserwacji Zabytków