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RU
В статье рассматривается понятие РОДИНА на материале польских периферийных говоров на территории Вороновского района Беларуси. Контекстом автору послужили избранные словари других исследователей «польщизны кресовой» на белорусско-польско-литовском пограничье, нарративы жителей Мядельщины (Беларусь), воспоминания эмигрантов из Виленщины (Литва), а также жителей Подляшья, Вармии и Мазур (Польша). Материал автором собирался как записи сплошных текстов на разные темы, а не как целенаправленное исследование лексики и семантики на тему родины. В работе используется предложенный Ежи Бартминьским метод когнитивной дефиниции, который предусматривает реконструкцию «ментального предмета», т.е. максимального набора характеристик, закрепленных в языке. В результате анализа материала обнаружены подобные признаки, указанные ранее исследователями данного пограничья. Среди составляющих воображение о РОДИНЕ на первом месте оказалось теплое отношения к родным местам (эмоциональная связь человека с местом рождения и детского периода) и предкам (в том числе умершим, кладбище). Подчеркивалось также значение места проживания и соседей (своих, наших и т.д. людей с подобным опытом), а также религии (свой и соседние приходы, культ Девы Марии). Реже, но выразительно акцентированы культурные (например, традиции и язык) и бытовые признаки понятия (стабильность; частная собственность; родина там, где можно жить). Одновременно замечено более выразительное, чем в других работах, выделение местными жителями идеологической родины (для старших это ІІ Речь Посполитая, для младших – Беларусь). По мнению автора это объясняется тем, что среди респондентов оказались, между прочим, жители, чьи предки участвовали в восстании 1863 г., воевали с большевиками в польско-советской войне, а также связанные с Армией Крайовой. Кроме традиционной точки зрения обычного крестьянина/мелкого шляхтича, рассматривается и перспектива патриота не только «малой родины», но и несуществующего государства (ІІ Речи Посполитой).
EN
The article discusses the concept of HOMELAND based on the material of Polish peripheral dialects on the territory of Voronovo district, Belarus. As a context, the author used selected dictionaries of other researchers of the “Polish language of Borderlands” in the Belarusian-Polish-Lithuanian borderlands, narratives of the inhabitants of the Myadel region (Belarus), memories of emigrants from the Vilnius region (Lithuania), as well as residents of Podlasie, Warmia and Mazuria (Poland). The author collected the material as records of continuous texts on various topics, it was not a purposeful study of vocabulary and semantics on the topic of the homeland. The method of cognitive definition proposed by Jerzy Bartminski, which provides for the reconstruction of the “mental object”, i.e. the maximum set of characteristics fixed in the language, was used in the article. As a result of the analysis of the material, similar features, indicated earlier by the researchers of this borderland, were found. Among the components of the imagination of HOMELAND, in the first place there was a warm attitude to native places (the emotional connection of a person with the place of birth and the period of childhood) and ancestors (including the deceased, the cemetery). The importance of the place of residence and neighbours (their own, ours, etc. people with similar experience), as well as religion (their own and neighbouring parishes, the cult of the Virgin Mary) was also emphasized. Less often, but expressively accentuated cultural (for example, traditions and language) and everyday signs of the concept (stability; private property; homeland where you can live). At the same time, more expressive than in other works, sketching of the ideological homeland by local residents was noticed (for the older it is the Second Polish Republic, for the younger – Belarus). According to the author, this is explained by the fact that among the respondents were, among other things, the residents whose ancestors participated in the uprising of 1863, fought with the Bolsheviks in the Polish-Soviet war, as well as those associated with the Home Army. In addition to the traditional point of view of an ordinary peasant/ petty nobleman, the perspective of a patriot not only of a “small homeland”, but also of a non-existent state (Second Polish Republic) is also considered.
EN
In the article, the author raises, essential for the Lithuanian minority in Poland, (1) the issue of comprehending the national identity, homeland, nation, and (2) the im­portance of the Lithuanian language, faith and educational system in the everyday life of the minority. She determines the elements shaping up the identity of the Suwalki Lithu­anians residing in the ethnically cohesive border area, as well as the Suwalki Lithuaniansmoving from one place to another within Poland (internal migration). As the crucial elements of the two groups of Lithuanians, she recognizes their respect for the vernacu­lar – the Lithuanian language, the history of Lithuania, the Catholic faith, and also the interior decorations of the Lithuanian household. Equally essential factors for the Lithu­anian minority residing in the border area are the names, Lithuanian fairy tales and legends, as well as the local folk tales and wildlife. As far as the Suwalki Lithuanians of internal migration are concerned, the aforementioned elements are of less importance or even not physically present. They rather constitute an object of specific homesickness for the Lithuanians of seasonal migration, who pretty willingly and regularly get back to Suwalki, Sejny, Puńsk and its neighbouring areas to spend holidays there. The author also emphasizes the recent economic transformations, particularly those resulting in migrations leading to depopulating the Lithuanian ethnic areas and closing down the schools with the Lithuanian language as a language of instruction.
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