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PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono strategię rozwoju Unii Europejskiej na lata 2010-2020 „Europa 2020” oraz omówiono związane z nią zagrożenia i problemy. Głównym problemem UE staje się jej niska konkurencyjność w gospodarce światowej w stosunku do wysokiej stopy życiowej obywateli. Kryzys finansowy pokazał, że sztuczne podtrzymywanie tego poziomu poprzez wzrost zadłużenia nie może być kontynuowane na dłuższą metę. Przedstawiona w strategii „Europa 2020” polityka rozwoju koncentrować się będzie na przezwyciężeniu recesji oraz transformacji gospodarki UE w bardziej zrównoważoną, „zieloną” i innowacyjną. Wzrost gospodarczy nadal jest postrzegany jako jedyny sposób na wyjście z kryzysu i zmniejszenie bezrobocia, choć widoczne jest wyraźne przesunięcie w stronę „zielonej gospodarki” - bazującej na wiedzy, niskoemisyjnej, promującej przyjazne środowisku technologie, oszczędnie gospodarującej zasobami, kreującej „nowe zielone” miejsca pracy - a zarazem zachowującej dbałość o spójność społeczną. Jest to wizja modelu zrównoważonej społecznej gospodarki rynkowej (sustainable social market economy). Jednak stymulowanie wzrostu w warunkach przywracania zachwianej przez kryzys równowagi finansowej będzie zadaniem bardzo trudnym. Słabością „Europy 2020” jest brak propozycji nowych mechanizmów, które zagwarantowałyby, że kraje członkowskie będą realizowały wspólnie przyjęte cele.
EN
The paper presents the European Union’s development strategy within 2010-2020 – “Europe 2020” and discusses threats and problems connected with the strategy. It is the Union’s low competitiveness in the world economy in relation to high living standard that is being considered the major problem. The financial crisis has proved that maintaining the high living standard by means of growing indebtedness cannot be continued in long-term. The development policy presented in the “Europe 2020” strategy will focus on overcoming recession and transforming the EU economy into more sustainable, “green” and innovative one. The economic growth is still perceived as the only way to overcome the crisis and reduce unemployment, although there is a visible shift towards “green economy” – based on knowledge, low emissions, promoting eco-friendly technologies, economising on resources, creating “new green” jobs and – at the same time – focusing on social cohesion. This is the vision of sustainable social market economy. However, stimulating the growth while restoring financial equilibrium undermined by the crisis will be a difficult task. The weakness of “Europe 2020” is the lack of suggested new mechanism that would guarantee the pursuit of commonly approved targets by the member states.
EN
In formulated long-term strategy “Europe 2020” attention is focussed on problems in the sphere of employment. Therefore one of the objectives of the strategy is to reach the employment rate on the level of 75% for women and men aged 20 to 64 by 2020. In National Reform Programs; individual EU member states adjusted their employment objectives to local needs while considering situations on their labour markets and practical probability of changes. Due to differences in social and economic situation in EU-28; and consequences of economic crisis particularly noticeable in individual countries; these objectives are diversified. Achieving the high level of this indicator does not reflect the full situation on the labour market because of rising unemployment and underemployment. Underemployment in the form of over-education; under-qualification or involuntary part-time jobs refers to a growing number of social group; particularly women and young people. The questions that naturally arise from these considerations apply not only to the employment rates; but also to the scale of labour underutilisation; the consequences of this phenomenon for the economy; society; both on micro and macro level. The main research questions are: “What is the scale and dynamics of employment and underemployment in the European Union?”; “How big are disparities across UE?”; “Is there a relationship between high employment and low underemployment?”; “What are the chances to achieve employment objectives in 2020?” Considering the aforementioned conditions; the goal of the paper is to present a diversity in employment and underemployment rate in EU-28 between 2008 and 2014 and to assess a potential probability of achievement of employment objectives by individual member states in the perspective of 2020. The execution of the goal formulated in this way imposed the structure of the paper that includes: 1) definition of underemployment; 2) review of employment objective in “Europe 2020” strategy; 3) analysis of the changes of employment and underemployment in EU-28 between 2000 and 2014; 4) presentation of employment objectives formulated in National Reform programs; and the assessment of their implementation.
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