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1

Zmartwychwstanie, odpłata po śmierci i życie wieczne w literaturze międzytestamentalnej

100%

Parchem M.

Verbum Vitae

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2009

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vol. 15

99-142

PL

The belief in resurrection, judgment of individuals and reward after death was introduced into Judaism in the context of apocalypticism in the books of Enoch (The Book of the Watchers: l Enoch 22.24-27; The Animal Apocalypse: l Enoch 90,33; The Letter of Enoch: l Enoch 91,10; 92,3; 104,2-6) and Daniel. Especially Dan 12,1-3 was inspired. There was a considerable variety in the forms of the belief in the resurrection of the dead in the intertestamental literature. The hope for resurrection and judgment beyond death was one of the crucial elements of the apocalyptic writings, but was spreading also to other Jewish groups in the second century B.C. (cf. Jubilees 23,31; T. Judah 25,1-5, T. Benjamin l 0,5-1 O; T. Zebulun l O, 1-3). The evidence of Qumran is ambiguous (e.g. l Q H). 4QPseudo-Ezechiel (4Q385) contains a description of bodily resurrection, but it is uncertain whether this document was composed at Qumran. A clear attestation of resurrection is found in 4QMessianic Apocalypse (= 4Q521). The major sectarian documents place great emphasis on retribution after death and eternal life (e.g. lQS; 1Q34; 4Ql81). The belief in resurrection, judgment of the dead, exaltation of the righteous and punishment of the wicked was widespread in Judaism by the first century CE (e.g. 4 Ezra 4,35-42; 7,32-37; 14,35; 2 Baruch 49-51; The Book of the Parables: l Enoch 46,6; 48,10; 51,1-2; 62,15-16; Ps. Sol. 2,30-31; 3,11-12; Sib Or 4,179-182).

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Ukaranie Asaela (1 Hen. 10,4-8) w kontekście mezopotamskiej literatury zwalczającej czarną magię

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Drawnel H.

The Biblical Annals

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 2

285-307

EN

The literary pattern of Asael’s punishment in the Enochic myth (1 En. 10,4-8) does not seem to originate in biblical literature or Greek mythology. It is far more probable that Babylonian anti-witchcraft literature provides the proper background for most of the elements in that literary pattern. The Jewish composer who lived in Mesopotamia in Late Babylonian period treated Asael and other Watchers as warlocks against whom some elements of exorcistic rituals have to be applied. The elimination of Asael and other Watchers from the earthly realm paved the way for the Jewish context of knowledge transmission, exemplified by Enoch and his insight into the structure of the world, revealed to him by angels faithful to the God of Israel.

3

Knowledge Transmission in the Context of the Watchers’ Sexual Sin with the Women in 1 Enoch 6-11

80%

Drawnel H.

The Biblical Annals

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2012

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vol. 2

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issue 1

123-151

PL

The first part of this research scrutinizes previous scholarly opinions concerning the belonging of the motif of instruction to the original narrative. While the conclusions of especially Nickelsburg and Hanson are negative, the mainly thematic criterion used by them in the separation of the literary strata indicates that they could not see any thematic connection between the Watchers and the motif of knowledge transmission. The second part of the research shows the interrelationship between the mythological origins of scribal and medical knowledge transmission in cuneiform sources and the response of Jewish priests in Babylonia. The latter group rejected Babylonian cuneiform arts and opted for Aramaic type of knowledge with the creation of a different ideal scribe from before the flood (Enoch), different transcendent channel of knowledge transmission (angels faithful to God), and different channel of knowledge transmission from father to son in patriarchal and Levitical genealogies. The third part of the research explores the metaphorical meaning of especially the “great sin” of “fornication” committed by the Watchers. The sin of fornication with women and successive defilement of the Watchers have to be interpreted in relation to the metaphorical, not literal, meaning of these terms found in the biblical account where they often figuratively express apostasy from the God of Israel and idolatrous relationship with other gods.

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Zawodowa wiedza Asaela (1 Hen. 8,1) i jej relacja do starożytnej Mezopotamii

80%

Drawnel H.

The Biblical Annals

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 1

47-66

EN

In 1 En. 8:1 one of the fallen Watchers, Asael, teaches humanity about the elaboration of metals, precious stones, and the use of minerals and dyes. In order to understand the reasons for the presentation of his professional skills, it seems necessary to analyze the cultural background of that Enochic tradition in the context of the Late Babylonian temple, with its large and skilled workforce used for the upkeep of cultic, economic and military activities. The Aramaic terminology in 1 En. 6:8 and 8:1 recovered from 4Q201 properly corresponds to what we now know about the functioning of the Babylonian artisans working for, and in cooperation with, the Late Babylonian temple.

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3 The Biblical Annals

1 Verbum Vitae

3 Drawnel H.

1 Parchem M.

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Zmartwychwstanie, odpłata po śmierci i życie wieczne w literaturze międzytestamentalnej

Ukaranie Asaela (1 Hen. 10,4-8) w kontekście mezopotamskiej literatury zwalczającej czarną magię

Knowledge Transmission in the Context of the Watchers’ Sexual Sin with the Women in 1 Enoch 6-11

Zawodowa wiedza Asaela (1 Hen. 8,1) i jej relacja do starożytnej Mezopotamii