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Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

100%

Broda M.

Zapiski Historyczne

2011

vol. 76

issue 3

7-36

European rulers from the late Middle Ages frequently used the service of medical doctors from outside the borders of their countries. So did the holders of the supreme offices in the Teutonic Order. The preserved source material confirms the presence of physicians from outside Prussia in Grand Masters’ closest circle in Malbork in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries. The first foreign doctor appearing in written records, magister Frugerius, is the first physician in the Teutonic State in Prussia whose existence was confirmed by the source material. He is also the first personal medical doctor of the Grand Master in Malbork appearing in the records. He came from the diocese of Parma in Italy. However, the overwhelming majority of foreign doctors from the closest circle of the Teutonic superiors came from the Holy Roman Empire, such as Konrad von Leithen, Johann von Rode, Johann Rogge, Jacob Schillingholtz, and probably Anton Müttel. One of the physicians recorded in the sources, Meyen, came from the Kingdom of Poland. He was of Jewish origin, so his identity in Prussia was different also in terms of ethnic origin and religion. Nevertheless, the preserved sources do not allow us to define the origin of all the physicians appearing in the records from that period. Johann Craft, physician to Paul von Rusdorf, might have come to the Teutonic State in Prussia from Wrocław, but it cannot be explicitly proved that it was his family town. At the beginning of the 15th century there were two doctors attempting to obtain the position of Konrad von Jungingen’s personal physician – a Johann Theodorus from India and an anonymous doctor the Teutonic prosecutor in Rome tried to bring to Malbork from the Council of Constance. It is hard to state where the latter came from. Bormienes, an Armenian physician, was another foreign doctor to Grand Teutonic Masters, but he seems to exist only in historiography as his presence in the Teutonic State in Prussia was not confirmed by the source material from the period.

Mobility of scholars and sciences between Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and France in the 14th–15th centuries: the contribution of prosopography to the history of sciences

67%

Spychala P.

Studia Historiae Scientiarum

2020

vol. 19

This article aims to trace the mobility of scholars and sciences between France and Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland in the 14th and 15th centuries, seen from the perspective of prosopography.These exchanges were concentrated in only three oldest French universities of Montpellier, Orléans and Paris, albeit with significant variations, and in the newly-founded universities north of the Alps in the 14th century, namely those in Prague and Kraków.Mobility was less important and intensive at the end of the Middle Ages because of the policy in favour of establishing national universities.The names of 143 scholars from Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland, who were enrolled in the 14th and 15th centuries in French universities, have been found so far. Several of them played important roles in the history of science in these countries.

Artykuł ten ma na celu prześledzenie mobilności naukowców i nauk między Francją a Czechami, Węgrami i Polską w XIV i XV wieku, widzianej z perspektywy prozopografii.Wymiana ta koncentruje się tylko na trzech najstarszych francuskich uniwersytetach w Montpellier, Orleanie i Paryżu, jednak ze znacznymi różnicami, oraz na nowo powstałych w XIV wieku uniwersytetach na północ od Alp, mianowicie w Pradze i Krakowie.Mobilność ta była mniej ważna i intensywna pod koniec średniowiecza, ponieważ prowadzono politykę na rzecz uniwersytetów krajowych.Do tej pory znaleziono nazwiska 143 uczonych z Czech, Węgier i Polski, którzy zapisali się w XIV i XV wieku na uniwersytety francuskie. Kilka z nich odegrało ważną rolę w historii nauki w tych krajach.

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Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

Mobility of scholars and sciences between Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and France in the 14th–15th centuries: the contribution of prosopography to the history of sciences