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1

Conversions of Jews in Gdansk during the First Half of the 18th Century on the Basis of Selected Source Material

100%
Koscielak S.
Kwartalnik Historii Żydow
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2006
|
issue 4(220)
586-591
EN
The article presents conversions of Jews to Catholicism in Gdansk and its surroundings. Information on the converts comes from Jesuit reports ('litterae annuae') and from those written for the 'Congregatio de Propaganda Fide' of the Holy See (the so-called 'Fructus Missionis'), which were sent to Rome by the Gdansk College of the Jesuits. The conversion issue was highlighted in the article against a background of achievements of other Jesuit centres in Royal Prussia and in relation to the activity of the Society of Jesus in the whole of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. For comparison, the context of Evangelical missionary expeditions in Poland, run by the 'Institutum Judaicum et Muhammadicum' in Halle, was also taken into consideration. The first Jewish convert was mentioned in the reports of the Gdansk College of the Jesuits in 1674. However, at the turn of the 17th and 18th century conversions from Judaism to Catholicism were extremely rare. A higher number of that kind of conversions took place in 1719-1723, 1728-1733 and 1752-1756, when between one and two cases per year were noted. The greatest number of converts were newcomers from outside Gdansk and Royal Prussia, people going through difficult periods of their lives, those in conflict with their communities and minors deprived of their guardians for various reasons.
2

PROBATE INVENTORIES AS SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF LUXURY IN ESTONIAN TOWNS IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

100%
Pullat R., Suurmaa L.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2006
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vol. 54
|
issue 3-4
283-292
EN
In the first part of the article the authors present the views of the authorities and the social elite of Estonia in the 16th-18th c. on the issue of luxury. Similarly to many countries of Central and Western Europe, Estonia had sumptuary laws, aimed at limiting luxurious consumption, primarily among burghers, but later (2nd half of the 18th c.) also among nobility. In the 18th c., however, some Estonian intellectuals (August Wilhelm Hupel, Johann Christoph Petri) started advocating the view that luxury had a positive impact on economic development. They also maintained that in a northern country like Estonia luxury helped to deal with the whims of the climate. Regardless of the regulations, the scope of luxurious consumption was delimited by common practice. Among the key sources for studying this phenomenon are eighteenth-century probate inventories of burghers from Tallin and Parnu, several hundred of which are available. The inventories are the basis of the authors' conclusions. Luxurious goods were not rare in burgher households: the inventories note gold and silver jewellery, gems, tableware made of noble metals, faience and valuable china (from Saxony or Delft). Burghers wore expensive clothes, following European fashion trends. Affluent households were furnished with luxurious furniture made of mahogany or walnut. The second half of the 18th c. brought a vogue for upholstered furniture sets, including sofas, couches and chairs. There was an increasing number of mirrors and clocks. Interiors were decorated with paintings and engravings, many of which were imported from the West (e.g. paintings from Nuremberg, works of the Dutch school). Generally, well-to-do burghers enjoyed a similar level of luxury as burghers in other regions of Europe.
3

Schola Aegidiana v Čechách osmnáctého století

80%
Taborsky J.
Listy filologické (Folia philologica)
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2009
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vol. 132
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issue 1-2
25-64
EN
This paper deals with the Augustinian theology in 18th century Bohemia. It presents basic information on its representatives, their works, and their theological opinions. Particular attention is payed to the Schola Aegidiana and its role in the history of the Czech Catholic theology. Schola Aegidiana is the school of thought based upon the writings of Giles of Rome (d.1316). It developed during the 14th century and became part and parcel of the theological tradition of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine. In Bohemia, the efflorescence of the school was violently interrupted by the Hussite revolution. A certain revival of theological thought within the Bohemian province took place in the 17th century, especially after the Thirty Years' War. At that time, the theologians of the Order appealed predominantly to St. Augustine (H. Ebenauer, B. Slad); in reality, their doctrine was a synthesis of Augustinian, Thomistic, and even Molinistic views. It was not until 1700 that the Schola Aegidiana was reintroduced thanks to Benignus Sychrovsky (Sichrowsky), OSA (1675-1737), professor of theology at the Augustinian Seminary in Prague. However, the prosperity of the school did not last long. The new generation of Augustinian theologians (C. Schmalfus, H. Robek), slightly influenced by the Enlightenment, had inclined to the so called new Augustinian school (E. Noris, F. Bellelli) and the scholastic Schola Aegidiana fell into oblivion.
4

FIRST LENDING LIBRARY IN LVOV AT THE END OF THE 18th CENTURY (Pierwsza wypozyczalnia ksiazek we Lwowie w koncu XVIII wieku)

80%
Rusinska-Giertych H.
Roczniki Biblioteczne
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2008
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vol. 52
47-58
EN
The first lending library in Lvov was established in 1794, which is substantiated by a unique catalogue 'Vollstaendigeres Verzeichniss der Bücher, welche in der Pillerschen Buchhandlung am Dominikanerplatze gegen monatliche Verausbezahlung von 30 Kreuzer per Band, und verhältnissmässigen Einsatz, zum lesen ausgeliehen werden' (a copy from the Library of the Catholic University in Lublin, shelf-number P. XVIII. 566). The lending library was established by the Piller brothers, descendants of the printer from Vienna, Antoni Piller, a government-nominated printer in Lvov and the university bookseller. The library functioned at least from October 1794, as the discussed catalogue was published with this date, and catered mainly for the German-speaking public. The offer was quite wide (456 works in 972 volumes) and typical for the institutions of that time, including love stories, novels, theatrical plays, poetry, fables, moral, philosophical and historical literature, biographies, travel diaries, i.e. most frequently read texts of that time. The Pillers' enterprise introduced western-European patterns to Lvov
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