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1

Weksel w obrocie gospodarczym na ziemiach polskich od XVII do końca XIX wieku.

100%

Meler J.

Z Dziejów Prawa

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2014

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vol. 7(15)

101-116

EN

Scholarly literature assumes that European bills of exchange have originated in Italy in the times of the crusades, in order to facilitate trade exchange and money circulation, which was particularly hampered and limited in the Middle Ages. Moreover, the rapid growth of towns and town confederations (the Hanseatic League) had contributed to the increase in popularity of this particular method of loan security. The article focuses on the development of the bill of exchange in the territory of Poland since its emergence in business trading up until the moment in which this method of loan security began to be regulated according to the rules in force in the occupation countries. Contemporary proceedings by writ of payment from the bill of exchange, based upon the abstract nature of the contractual relationship, conducted in a simplified manner, with limited evidence and charges inhabilitas personae, anticipation temporis falsificatio, do not differ significantly, on the fundamental level, from the Polish bill of exchange-based proceedings conducted in the 18th and 19th century.

2

Cultural identity change of a royal Hungarian town, Székesfehérvár, in the 18th and 19th century

63%

Szabó P.

Central European Papers

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2013

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vol. 1

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issue 2

7-22

EN

The paper describes the cultural and social history of Székesfehérvár at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. The author introduces the modernization of a town with medieval traditions in the new age while also looking at the development and alteration of the concept of ’nation’ and national awareness, as these are some of the main components of identity development during the civilization process in the town. The author investigates the processes by which the majority of the residents became speakers of Hungarian from German, the dominant first language after the Turkish era.

3

Oorlam, czyli słów kilka o wymianie kulturowej w południowoafrykańskim interiorze na przełomie XVII i XIX wieku

51%

Leśniewski M.

Forum Teologiczne

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2015

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vol. 18 - Komunikowanie w Afryce. Endo- i egzogeniczne aspekty. Etniczność – kultura – religia

69-89

EN

During the second half of the 18th century and the first three decades of the 19th century, we may observe an intensive process of cultural exchange between frontier farmers (trekboers) and local populations (mostly Khoisan). There emerge new kind of community – Oorlams: Africans and peoples of mixed origin who adopted many traces of colonial material, intellectual and spiritual culture. They were essential in spreading those elements of colonial culture (horses, firearms, commando system, cloths, proto-Afrikaans) into an interior, which were in turn adopted by other African groups.

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1 Central European Papers

1 Forum Teologiczne

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1 Leśniewski M.

1 Meler J.

1 Szabó P.

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Weksel w obrocie gospodarczym na ziemiach polskich od XVII do końca XIX wieku.

Cultural identity change of a royal Hungarian town, Székesfehérvár, in the 18th and 19th century

Oorlam, czyli słów kilka o wymianie kulturowej w południowoafrykańskim interiorze na przełomie XVII i XIX wieku