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EN
The political instability of Italian governments, excessive fragmentation and party polarization, political corruption characterized Italy's political system from the unification of the state in the second half of the nineteenth century. Successive amendments to the parliamentary election law were an attempt to solve the above problems. Such a process also took place in 1993. The aim of this article is to present the legal provisions of the electoral law to the Chamber of Deputies in Italy of August 4, 1993. The shape of the changes introduced, the mixed election formula and the original method of distributing seats (scorporo totale and scorporo pro quota) were an example of searching for new solutions in electoral engineering on the way to finding the perfect electoral law. The article uses mainly legal-dogmatic and legal-institutional methods.
PL
Brak stabilności politycznej włoskich rządów, nadmierna fragmentaryzacja i polaryzacja partyjna czy korupcja polityczna charakteryzowały system polityczny Włoch od zjednoczenia państwa w II połowie XIX wieku. Próbą rozwiązania powyższych problemów były kolejne zmiany prawa wyborczego do parlamentu. Taki proces nastąpił również w 1993 roku. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie założeń prawnych ordynacji wyborczej do Izby Deputowanych we Włoszech z 4 sierpnia 1993 roku. Kształt wprowadzonych zmian, mieszana formuła wyborcza i oryginalna metoda rozdziału mandatów (scorporo totale i scorporo pro quota) były przykładem poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań inżynierii wyborczej na drodze do znalezienia doskonałego prawa wyborczego. W artykule zastosowano  przede wszystkim metody dogmatyczno-prawną i analizy instytucjonalno-prawnej.
EN
This study is an expanded text of the opening address to the 10th Congress of Czech Historians held in Ostrava in September 2011. The author, as a?long-term Committee member of the Association of Historians (since 1992) and the Association?s Chairman in the years 2005?2011, aims to present a?retrospective analysis of the relationship between the social development in the Czech Republic after 1989 and the preparation and the course of four nationwide Congresses of Historians which took place between 1993?2011. He objectively records documented differences during the organisational preparation of the individual congresses and their programme contents, in addition to listing a?number of important factual connections which, one would, potentially, be unable to reconstruct from preserved documents in the future. In his conclusion he contemplates the results of the latest Ostrava Congress in September 2011, at which, also based on their expertise, Czech historians identified tangible expressions of a?social crisis, manifesting themselves in a?form of radicalization of Czech society, amongst other things.
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