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1

ADOLESCENT HEALTH RISK BEHAVIORS - DEFINITIONS, THEORETICAL MODELS AND RISK FACTORS (Zachowania ryzykowne mlodziezy - definicje, modele teoretyczne oraz czynniki ryzyka)

100%
Makara-Studzinska M., Morylowska J.
Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie (Annals of Family Studies)
|
2009
|
vol. 56
213-228
EN
Adolescence is a developmental period of rapid changes, when teenagers begin to surmount challenges and learn autonomy. It is also unfortunately the period of many threats for youth. Much of the adverse health consequences experienced by adolescents are, to a large extent, the result of risk behaviors. In this article we have described adolescent health risk behaviors. We have concentrated on theories of risk behaviors contextualizing biological, psychological and environmental aspects. We have also listed risk factors for engaging in risk behavior by adolescents.
2

SENSATION SEEKING, ALCOHOL USE AND ALCOHOL OUTCOME EXPECTANCIES

80%
Urban R., Czegledi E., Kovacs K., Kelemen A.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2008
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vol. 63
|
issue 3
499-518
EN
Objectives: The authors examined the associations among alcohol use, alcohol expectancies and sensation seeking. Their main goals were 1. to verify the original factorial structure of Alcohol Outcome Expectancy Questionnaire in a Hungarian adolescent sample; and 2. to test the mediation effects of positive and negative alcohol expectancies between sensation seeking and alcohol use. Method: Research design was a cross-sectional, questionnaire study. Research participants were 428 adolescents (223 boys and 205 girls, mean age=16.9 years SD = 0.66). Measures: Alcohol use questions from ESPAD research, Hungarian version of Alcohol Outcome Expectancy Questionnaire; and Hungarian version of Sensation Seeking Scale - form V (SSS-V). Results: 1. The confirmatory factor analysis verified the original structure of Alcohol Outcome Expectancy Questionnaire in their Hungarian adolescent sample. 2. Positive and negative expectancies partially mediated the association between sensation seeking and alcohol use frequency (50% of the association is explained by the expectancies), and only the positive expectancies mediated partially between sensation seeking and underage problem drinking (22% of the association is explained by the expectancies). Removal of alcohol and drug related items from the sensation seeking scale did not affect the results significantly. Conclusions: The findings raise the importance of both positive and negative alcohol outcome expectancies in explaining the association between sensation seeking and alcohol use.
3

EFFECT OF VALUES ON RESPONSIBILITY PERCEIVED IN MORAL ACTION

80%
Dvorakova J., Tyrlik M.
Studia Psychologica
|
2007
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vol. 49
|
issue 2
167-175
EN
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the preferred values and responsibility perceived in one's own action. The research sample consisted of 213 high school students (108 girls and 105 boys, mean age = 15.9 years). The participants were asked to describe their own good and bad actions and they filled in a value preference inventory. The participants either referred to the object of responsibility, e.g. they described the actions toward specific people, or they mentioned an internal rule according to which they interpret their actions. In girls, the values referring to the other persons had an effect on the actions. In boys, the value of working for society was important in the predicting actions. Our results point to the importance of context in moral development.
4

ADOLESCENT HEALTH BEHAVIOR IN THE LIGHT OF TWO SOCIAL COPING MECHANISMS

80%
Piko B., Keresztes N.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2007
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2
203-214
EN
Among the factors affecting adolescent health behaviors, coping mechanisms have a significant effect on decisions regarding health behaviors. In the frame of coping mechanisms, rational ways tend to go together with beneficial, whereas emotion-oriented ones tend to go together with unfavorable health behaviors. Social coping strategies, on the other hand, are well known to help develop health conscious behaviors. In their study, the authoresses analyzed adolescent health behaviors in the light of two social coping mechanisms, namely, the rational, emotional defensiveness (R/ED) scale and the need for harmony, altruism (NH/A) scale, developed by Spielberger. The data collection was going on among high school students living in Békés and Csongrád counties (aged between 14-21 years) by using a self-administered questionnaire (N = 548). Research findings support the role of coping mechanisms in relation to adolescent health behaviors; the rational ways of coping help prevent health risk behaviors, furthermore, the need for harmony as a coping, in addition to help prevent substance use, has a beneficial influence on health promoting behaviors.
5

PREDICTIVE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTED PROTECTIVE FACTORS AGAINST DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR MANIFESTED BY ADOLESCENT BOYS AND GIRLS

80%
Václaviková I., Selecká L., Démuthová S., Blatný M., Hrdlička M.
Studia Psychologica
|
2020
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2
138 – 147
EN
The study aims to identify protective factors against antisocial behaviour of adolescents. Data from the SAHA project (The Social and Health Assessment), obtained from a16-year-old juvenile cohort, were used to analyse antisocial behaviour of adolescent boys (N = 733) and girls (N = 1110). Subsequently, levels of the predictive importance of the protective factors of the family environment, school environment, fulfilled leisure time and individual factors were tested through multinomial regression analysis in the groups of boys and girls. Slightly different paths to the absence of antisocial behaviour were identified for adolescent boys and girls. Key predictors for adolescent boys with non-problem behaviour are prosocial beliefs, prosocial behaviour and leisure time, expectations of goal attainment, parental involvement, and teacher support. For adolescent girls, positive school environment, feelings of safety at school, parental warmth, parental supervision, prosocial beliefs, optimistic beliefs, and leisure time contribute to non-problematic behaviour.
6

The specific features of adolescent depression - from developmental reaction to clinical syndrome

80%
Iniewicz G.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2008
|
vol. 39
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issue 3
154-157
EN
Depression belongs to the most common mental disorders of young people. Yet, its analysis has given rise to many controversies among specialists. One of the crucial raised issues is the question whether it is justified to apply the diagnosis of depression in this age group, considering the fact that intrapsychic mechanisms in adolescents are not yet mature. The theoretical problem arises: to what degree adolescent depression ought to be considered a clinical disorder, rather than a specific developmental reaction. In the present paper, the attempt has been undertaken to tackle the issue. It has been found that the diagnosis of adolescent depression cannot rely on clear-cut diagnostic criteria. Instead, it should rely on clinical assessment of an individual patient.
7
Content available remote

TEENAGERS' GO SHOPPING (Nastolatki na zakupach)

80%
Jasielska A., Maksymiuk R.
Marketing i Rynek
|
2012
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vol. 19
|
issue 1
32-37
EN
The young people are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing because of the amount of money they can spend. One of the key characteristic of the adolescence is conformity to peers, so very often it is assumed that parents' influence is rather marginal in many areas (e.g. in consumer decision making). On the other hand some data show opposite tendency. The aim of the survey study was to check who advice young people to make purchase decision. It was conducted on-line, using panel ARIADNA, GG Network S.A. The participants (n=379) were teenagers (15-17 years old). The results indicate that teenagers who spentd own money on something for themselves take into account the opinion of the peers and... parents as well. However, the adolescents go shopping rather with friends than parents.
8

Understanding and appreciating humour in late childhood and adolescence

80%
Radomska A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2007
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vol. 38
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issue 4
189-197
EN
The aim of the presented research was to compare humour reception (comprehension and appreciation) diverse in terms of the means of communication (verbal, visual, and verbal-visual) of children in late childhood (10 year olds) and adolescence (15 year olds). The premises are that: 1) the hierarchy of the types of humour identified in terms of the degree of comprehension will be similar in both age groups: both 10 and 15 year olds will comprehend visual humour best and verbal-visual and verbal humour worse; 2) the hierarchy of the given types of humour in terms of appraisal of degree of funniness will also be identical in both age groups and in analogy to the previous one. Two original methods were implemented in the individual session: A Set of Jokes and a discussion. A total 170 persons took part in the study: 73 persons aged 10 and 97 aged 15. Both hypotheses were only partially substantiated. Visual humour was best understood in the group of 10 year olds as expected. It was significantly better comprehended than verbal and verbal-visual humour. However, despite expectations, this hierarchy did not turn out to be universal for both age groups. In the 15 year olds' group verbal humour was understood to the greatest extent. A statistically significant difference was noted in adolescents between the degree of comprehension of this last type of humour and the rest (visual and verbal-visual). Moreover, although the existence of the same hierarchy of the given types of humour in terms of the degree of funniness rating was revealed, it was not analogical neither to the hypothetically surmised nor the empirically identified degree of comprehension hierarchy. The verbal-visual type of humour received the highest degree of funniness rating among both the 10 and 15 year olds. A statistically significant difference was observed between the age groups in degree of funniness rating of verbal-visual humour and the two remaining (verbal and visual humour).
9

CHILDHOOD - ADOLESCENCE - DEMOCRACY. CONTINGENCY, LOSS AND NORMALISATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF ADOLESCENCE IN MODERN SOCIETIES (Dziecinstwo-mlodosc-demokracja. Kontyngencja, zanik i normalizacja fenomenu mlodziezy w spoleczenstwach nowoczesnych)

80%
Benner D., Stepkowski D.
Studia z Teorii Wychowania
|
2011
|
issue 2(3)
126-142
EN
Contrary to appearances, childhood and adolescence are not only biological phenomena, but also, by any measure, something historical. As a result, they can and must be considered in the context of democracy. The article is divided into four parts. First, the authors recall that in the Greek paideia, childhood was barely subject to any consideration and that it was only in the Renaissance that there were changes in the concept of man, which led to the crystallization of the concept of modern childhood and youth. The second section reconstructs the meaning of the terms 'childhood' and 'adolescence' in the views of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The theme of the third part is the historicity of childhood, adolescence and adulthood, which the authors discuss against the backdrop of Neil Postman's thesis on the disappearance of childhood and adulthood. In the fourth and final section, the authors attempt - first of all - to clarify what really is disappearing forever, and what is lasting, despite transformation, and, secondly, to indicate the central issues in the relationship between childhood, adolescence, and democracy.
10

The Attributes of Adulthood Recognised by Adolescents and Adults

80%
Gurba E.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2008
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vol. 39
|
issue 3
129-137
EN
The article has made an attempt to identify the ways in which adolescents and adults see the process of 'transitioning into adulthood' and what attributes they think are necessary for an adult person to possess. The problem of 'becoming an adult' has been portrayed in the broader context of parent-adolescent relation development. Research by Smetana (1988) has cast some light on a possible source of the conflict: differences in understanding social situations and the role of authority figures by adolescents and their parents. In contemporary society there are no unquestionable determinants of adulthood, a fact very conducive to intergenerational conflict. In the current study two groups of adolescents (15- and 18-year-olds) and a group of adults (38 to 56-year-olds) were examined using a questionnaire by J. J. Arnett (1997) The Attributes of Adulthood. The results show marked uniformity among subjects as to the choice of 'adulthood' characteristics. They point to events such as reaching a certain age, completing one's education or starting a family as the least important in transitioning to adolescence. The most popular categories, regardless of age, included subjective and psychological characteristics, such as financial independence, the ability to accept and fulfil new social roles or accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions. Reference to such ambiguous attributes can lead to parents and adolescents interpreting them differently and thus contribute to misunderstanding and conflict in parent-child relations.
11

FRIENDSHIP DURING ADOLESCENCE: THE NECESSITY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

80%
Zurko M.
Polish Journal of Applied Psychology
|
2011
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
21-38
EN
The article deals with theoretical and methodological problems related to research on friendship during adolescence. It presents methods used in psychological research for determining the specificity and essence of friendship and its applied measurement A review of such completed studies includes not only the results and views showing the developmental advantages of friendship but also indicates the negative influence of a close friend (the so-called 'friend effect'). The reason for such resultant ambiguity may be the lack of a uniform and comprehensive theory of friendship and/or the specificity of applied methods (questionnaires) and research procedures (quantitative research with the use of large samples). The proposed concept is one developed by Aelred of Rievaulx, which introduces different kinds of friendship and connect its essence to a transcendental dimension. The paper also includes the specificity of qualitative methods and some research results from their application. Pursuant to her own research experience, the author has formulated the rules of research on friendship with the use of qualitative methods.
12

THE FACTORS LEADING TO JUVENILE PROSTITUTION (Czynniki prowadzace do prostytucji nieletnich)

80%
Spila B.
Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie (Annals of Family Studies)
|
2009
|
vol. 56
245-255
EN
Juvenile prostitution is a crime and belongs to social pathologies. In spite of proportionally small number, it is burdened with grave consequences. Counteraction and prophylaxis are pivotal. In the work, the factors directing an adolescent to prostitution have been discussed on the basis of literature. We have isolated culturally social, family and environmental factors, i.e. proceeding from peers. Subsequently, we have presented hypothetical grounds directly leading towards juvenile prostitution.
13

Changes in the adolescents' orientations towards the future and factors threatening them against systemic transformation

70%
Liberska H.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2008
|
vol. 39
|
issue 3
138-148
EN
The purpose of the present study was to investigate adolescents' orientation towards the future (e.g. expectations and fears, their content and timing) and its relationship with the life conditions perceived. The developmental conditions set in the socio-economic context perceived by an adolescent are evaluated from the point of view of their significance for realization of the conception of individual's future.The study was carried out in three stages in the period of systemic transformation - between 1991 and 2005. The total number of 180 adolescents, aged 16 to 18 participated in the study. The main techniques were an essay on the subject 'Me and my future' and the psychological conversation on threats perceived by young people in the surrounding reality. The results contributed to the psychological knowledge on significance of the process of transformation of socio-economic system in Poland for the formation of adolescents' orientation to the future and indicated the tendencies of changes in the cultural prototype of development in the life cycle.
14

CHILD AND EARLY ADOLESCENT PERSONALITY: ITS STRUCTURE, AGE TRENDS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

70%
Zupancic M., Gril A., Kavcic T.
Studia Psychologica
|
2006
|
vol. 48
|
issue 4
311-332
EN
The Inventory of Child Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003), a recently developed age- and culture-decentralized assessment tool based on the parental free descriptions, was administered to 1043 mothers of children and adolescents aged from 2 to 14 years. The principal component analysis of 15 mid-level personality traits resulted in five robust domains interpreted as conscientiousness, extraversion, disagreeableness, openness/intellect and neuroticism. The trait-scales and the five components were internally reliable across the five age-groups, toddlerhood, early, middle and late childhood, and the early adolescence. The small age and the gender effects on the component- and trait-scores suggested an age decline in disagreeableness, mostly due to decreases in antagonism and strong will, while an inconsistent age effect was obtained with respect to openness/intellect. The girls were rated slightly higher in the conscientiousness than were boys, who were, in turn, attributed somewhat the higher levels of neuroticism in comparison to the girls. At the trait level, compliance increased with the age and the inconsistent age differences were revealed for the activity. The girls were ascribed some more achievement orientation, compliance and organization in comparison to the boys who were assessed as more antagonistic, active, distractible and fearful/insecure. .
15

The influence of youth magazines on mood and self-image of Polish girls in early and late adolescence - The role of self-affirmation mechanisms in the integration of attractiveness, intellectual and interpersonal competence

70%
Mandal E.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2004
|
vol. 35
|
issue 4
217-224
EN
In an experimental study of 122 Polish girls at an early (12-years-old) and late (18-years-old) adolescence, the influence of reading youth magazines on mood and self-image was analysed. Self-image was studied from the perspective of three social roles: schoolgirl (intellectual competence), classmate (interpersonal competences), and girl (physical attractiveness). For the girls in the early adolescence period, the most frequent effect of reading youth magazines proved to be mood improvement (55.6%), whereas for the girls in the late adolescence period mood lowering was more prevalent (33.3%). An ANOVA performed in the arrangement: self-esteem (schoolgirl, classmate, girl) x group (experimental, control) x mood (worse, usual, better) and the multiple regression analysis revealed a strong main effect of mood on self-image, which increased in the role of schoolgirl and girl in the younger girls. Whereas in the group of older girls strong main effects of the experimental group (reading magazines) were found for the role of girl (self-esteem decreased) and the role of classmate (self-esteem increased) and the main effect of mood on self-esteem in the role of classmate.
16

AGGRESSION AT SCHOOL: BELIEF IN A PERSONAL JUST WORLD AND WELL-BEING OF VICTIMS AND AGGRESSORS

70%
Dzuka J., Dalbert C.
Studia Psychologica
|
2007
|
vol. 49
|
issue 4
313-320
EN
This paper presents a research study where just world research was applied to the analysis of aggression at school. Based on the previous findings that characterize the belief in a just world (BJW) as a valuable resource for maintaining positive well-being and assimilating injustice, the present studies test the hypotheses that: 1) personal BJW is positively correlated with subjective well-being; 2) this relationship holds for victims and aggressors alike. Overall, findings were in line with our hypotheses. The stronger the adolescents' endorsements of the BJW, the better their well-being. The pattern of results persists when controlled for neuroticism and extraversion. The implications of these results for further studies on aggression, victimization, and well-being are discussed.
17

EXTENT OF SPENDING LEISURE TIME THROUGH THE ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND DRUG BEHAVIOUR OF YOUTH

70%
ROJKOVÁ Z., MYDLOVÁ K.
Communication Today
|
2019
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
132–145
EN
The study deals with the issue of the influence of mass media on the behaviour of youth. Specifically, it is about the extent of leisure time spent using electronic media in relation to drug behaviour (alcohol consumption, cigarettes, marijuana, illicit drug use). It is an exploratory, correlational, non-experimental research. The sample consisted of 2,133 elementary and secondary school pupils (39.6% of them were boys and 60.4% girls). The data was obtained through the SAHA questionnaire (i.e. The International Social and Health Assessment, originally proposed by Weissberg et al. in 1991). Relations were examined in two age groups – “14” (≤ 15 years, n = 743) and “16” (≥ 16 years, n = 1,390). The results show a weak, but statistically significant correlation between time spent with electronic media, especially on the Internet and all forms of drug behaviour except illegal drug use, to a larger extent in the older age group.
18

Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms

70%
Berzonsky M., Kinney A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2008
|
vol. 39
|
issue 3
111-117
EN
To investigate relationships between identity processing styles and patterns of defense mechanisms, 213 participants (Mean age = 23.01 years) completed measures of defense-mechanism clusters and styles of negotiating (or managing to avoid) identity conflicts and threats (64% of the participants were female). A self-exploratory, informational identity style was associated with defense mechanisms that control anxiety and threats via internal cognitive maneuvers. In contrast, a diffuse-avoidant identity style was found to be related to maladaptive defensive maneuvers including turning against others and turning aggression inward against oneself, which is related to depressive reactions. A foreclosing, normative identity style was associated with defenses that limit awareness of threatening ideas and information by denial, distortion, and negation. None of these relationships was qualified by age or gender. The findings are discussed in terms of a process model of identity development that emphasizes social-cognitive differences in how individuals construct, maintain, and reconstruct their self-identity.
19
Content available remote

STRANICKÉ PREFERENCE MLADÝCH LIDÍ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE

61%
Kudrnáč A.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2015
|
vol. 47
|
issue 5
527 - 550
EN
The influence of early attitudes formed in childhood on adult political behaviour has led many scholars to examine political socialisation effects. To date there has been limited research on political socialization processes in post-communist countries. This paper presents party preferences of Czech youth and consequently focuses on the influence of two key channels of political socialization, i.e. the family and school, on the party preferences of young (pre- or first time) voters in the Czech Republic. Use is made of data from a unique large survey of 17 to 19 year old high school students (N=1735) fielded in 2012. A series of models estimated using multinomial regression with random intercept shows that in spite of significant differences in party support across the three main types of high schools examined, the impact of family background is stronger than that of school environment. This study argues that school environment has only a small independent effect. Parents influence their offspring directly as well as indirectly by selecting the school that their children attend; and consequently school effects partly reflect political orientations originating in households.
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