The adverbs 'z kretesem' (utterly) and 'na amen' (for good) refer in different ways to the concept of the boundary. The unit 'z kretesem' comments on actions, not the later states. It expresses a subjective opinion of the speaker who estimates the result of the action as a loss. For 'na amen' however, it is primary to comment on states, not on actions. Because it is impossible to know or even only see that something was done 'na amen', this adverb expresses the speaker's opinion, which is not connected with his knowledge but with his subjective estimation independent of the real situation.
The intent of this article is to present the particular example of use of 4 tenses in the indicative mood: 'passé composé, imparfait, futur simple, futur antérieur'. This analysis is based on various excerpts of texts dating back to XIXth and XXth centuries. The authoress analyses the influence of a number of factors on the interpretation of particular verbal forms appearing in studied sentences. Research takes into account: category of the verb, its aspect, person, adverbs of time, modality particles, verbs of opinion, certain adverbs (e.g. 'jamais, rarement' and those expressing opposition), type of sentence (negative, interrogative), register (written / spoken language), intonation.
The aim of this article is to outline some of the recent tendencies in Anglophone and Polish research on epistemic modality. The author observes that while traditionally research focused on modal verbs, most recent publications are concerned with epistemic adverbs, adjectives and modal particles. Attempts at establishing classification criteria for these categories have been made in both Anglophone and Polish linguistics, though international publications discussing means of expressing epistemic modality tend to focus on Germanic and Romance languages. Polish and, more generally, Slavonic languages are almost entirely absent from such crosslinguistic studies (cf. e.g. Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and Description edited by L. Degand, B. Cornillie, P. Pietrandrea, 2013). The author stresses the importance M. Danielewiczowa’s contribution to the description of epistemic adverbs in Polish linguistics. epistemic modality, adverbs, particles, cross-linguistic studies, tendencies
Speech-act adverbs constitute one of the categories of epistemic expressions. There is considerabl terminological confusion regarding epistemic adverbs, speech-act adverbs included. The present study uses the classification proposed by Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer (2007), who define speech-act adverbs as those which refer to speech acts which could potentially be used to support the speaker’s opinion or raise voices against his/her point of view, e.g. admittedly, arguably, indisputably, unarguably, unquestionably, undeniably. The aim of this study is to identify Polish equivalents of such adverbs, and analyze the cross-cultural significance of the differences between the ranges and uses of speech-act adverbs in the two languages.
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