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PROBLEM OF NATURAL MONOPOLY REGULATION WITH ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION - THEORETICAL APPROACH

100%

Szablewski A.

Studia Ekonomiczne (Economic Studies)

2008

issue 3-4(58-59)

223-239

The paper discusses the nature and implications of asymmetry of information in natural monopoly regulation from the theoretical perspective. To reflect the complexity of the subject two main strands of the discussion are presented. The first one that dominates within the theoretical approach is founded on defining two dimensions of the asymmetry which is a situation when the regulator is much less informed on costs than the regulated firm managers. The dimensions are described in the regulatory literature as 'regulation with unknown costs' and 'regulation with unobservable effect'. Both have very serious regulatory implications known as adverse selection and moral hazard which in turn reflect the key regulatory problem i.e. the conflict between allocative and productive efficiency. Existence of trade-offs between different aspects of efficiency means that the optimal regulatory mechanism ( but only in a second best sense) lies between two polar regulatory mechanisms - the traditional cost of service regulation and fixed price, or price cup, regulation. The second strand of discussion is based on Austrian school of economics and it sees the asymmetry of information as only one side of the regulator's imperfect information problem. The other side refers to the inherent indeterminacy of the economic processes that unable regulator and the managers to predict costs accurately. Giving priority to long term interests of consumers, price cup regulation should be taken by regulators as a key option.

Evaluation credit applications, equality and inequality in consumer credit

58%

Szathmari M.

Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

2008

vol. 18

issue 4

93-106

This paper aims to show that as the form of consumer credit becomes more and more money-like, the inequality in getting credit becomes a more and more significant issue, just as the income inequality. Based on the relevant literature on banks' practice in evaluating credit applications, the author presents to ideal types which are related to either uncertainty or risk faced by banks during decision making. In situations of uncertainty, banks have to rely on judgmental (subjective) decision making which can result in severe discrimination. When facing a risk, credit scoring systems are developed, which grant or deny the loan based on the statistical analysis of the past behavior of individuals similar to the credit applicant. This method eliminates the subjectivity of the bank clerk, but it introduces statistical discrimination which can never be entirely eliminated. To reduce this kind of discrimination in Hungary the positive (full) data credit bureau - besides the existing negative list - has to be introduced.

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1 Studia Ekonomiczne (Economic Studies)

1 Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

1 Szablewski A.

1 Szathmari M.

2 2008

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PROBLEM OF NATURAL MONOPOLY REGULATION WITH ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION - THEORETICAL APPROACH

Evaluation credit applications, equality and inequality in consumer credit