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1

VOJENSTVO A NÁBOŽENSKÉ RITUÁLY V ANTICKOM GRÉCKU. II. ČASŤ

100%
Nováková L., Roháč P.
Vojenská história
|
2019
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
7 - 35
EN
Second part of the study deals with sacrifice and signs as a camouflage, i.e. either downright frauds of the military leaders or adaptation thereof to their own intentions, with the aim to positively influence the ethics of their battalions. It was particularly important that the natural and astronomical phenomena were considered as divine signs. These included mainly the Moon and Sun eclipses as well as earthquakes which often paralysed the military activity and usually resulted in stopping or postponing the military campaigns. An irreplaceable position in the Greek army was also held by the oracles that often intervened in the battle directly. They could also influence the military affairs by interpreting dreams, mainly in the case of dreams of military leaders and other significant personalities. Sacrifice and interpretation of signs before the battle itself played an important role. Especially the Spartans did not go into battle until favourable sacrificial signs were revealed to their king. Often, these were the sacrifices of the sfagia type, the king could repeat until the requested signs appeared.
2

TYRTAIOS A SOCIÁLNO-POLITICKÁ FUNKCIA RECIPROCITY

88%
Porubjak M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2012
|
vol. 67
|
issue 1
35 – 46
EN
The paper tries to show the parallels between altruism and reciprocity as conceived in contemporary debate and the role of reciprocity in social and political life in ancient Greece at the turn of the 6th century B. C. A detailed analysis of Tyrtaeus’ poems as well as a close view on social, political and military systems and strategies serves to unveil the motivations for an altruistic behaviour the discrimination of so called “free riders”. Several key forms of the reciprocity in Tyrtaeus are discussed, the “furious valour” being of the highest value, and enabling to prize the “fairness” of the agents of the indirect reciprocal behaviour. Thus the social cohesion could be achieved not only through charitable altruism (as suggested by Titmuss), but also through many forms of indirect reciprocity found in Tyrtaeus.
3

VOJENSKÉ RITUÁLY V ANTICKOM GRÉCKU: ĎAKOVNÉ OBETY A OSLAVA VÍŤAZSTVA

75%
Roháč P., Nováková L.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
6 - 30
EN
The study deals with the votive offerings after victories and various forms of votive gifts as the tithes promised to deities. This could include building of a temple, statues of the military leaders or gods considered as the architects of their success as well as weapons and items, often made of precious metals, most frequently devoted to Apollo in Delphi. Of particular significance were the tropaia, the victorious monuments built on the site of a battle as well as reports on the burials of the fallen. The conclusion touches symbolically on the subject of fate of some of the memorials to the aforementioned Greek victories.
4

VOJENSTVO A NÁBOŽENSKÉ RITUÁLY V ANTICKOM GRÉCKU. I. ČASŤ

75%
Nováková L., Roháč P.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 3
8 - 38
EN
The first part of the study deals with the analysis of the sacrificial rituals and their impact on the militarism of Ancient Greece. The oracles, as the part of the army, together with captains, determined the strategy before the important decisions to align them with the “will of the gods” based on the oracles’ signs. These included not only situations during the military campaigns themselves but also ahead of them. In this case, the oracles played a significant role, in particular the one in Delphi. However, the sacrifices were also important during crossing borders or rivers, along with the significant role of atmospheric phenomena such as the Solar or Moon eclipse.
5

Obywatelskość i cnota – niepodważalny związek polityki i etyki w starożytnej Grecji

63%
Grzybowski J.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
|
2015
|
vol. 43
|
issue 4
125-149
EN
In contemporary discussions the idea of citizenship is strongly associated with the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen proclaimed in 1789. The basis for citizenship in democratic countries is the recognition of universal principles of the law and an attitude of obedience and loyalty to the constitution. Currently in Europe, understanding of and faithfulness to constitutional law is a factor of the self-awareness and maturity of a liberal society. However, citizenship is not modern achievement: it was born in ancient Greece. It is there that the first notion of the citizen was formed. The free inhabitants of the city-states were called politai, people actively engaged in public affairs. The Greeks connected citizenship with virtue. Reflection upon the notions of the citizen and virtue shows that the core of the Greek state was prudence and justice in seeking the common good. The virtues form the canon of the attitudes that constitute the ideal of citizenship, and an ethos built on such attitudes can create fair and wise rules of life.
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