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'DIDIVSHCHYNA' - THE INFORMAL RULES OF THE SOLDIERS' LIFE IN THE UKRAINE

100%
Kurzetowska M.
Etnografia Polska
|
2005
|
vol. 49
|
issue 1-2
169-195
EN
The article deals with the phenomenon of 'didivshchyna', that is with the informal rules of the soldiers' life in the Ukraine whose genesis goes back to the times of the tsarist army. Today, it is treated as pathology and is controlled by the officer cadre. The aim of this article is to describe the system of 'didivshchyna', to analyze it and eventually to explain its understanding (reception) in the soldier milieu as well as in the civilian environment. The most important precondition for the formation of 'didivshchyna' , a parallel world behind the barrack walls, is the soldiers isolation from the outside world. This parallel world is characterized by such features as hierarchy, own legal system and sanction apparatus, specific language, own calendar and finally particular military knowledge and even own art. At the same time, most of soldiers accept 'didivshchyna' as familiar and as their own reality in contrast to the forced reality of the official military organization. The new conscripts perceive the regular army as kind of chaos, in which they have to create their own order that is own 'culture'. This informal social order is based on a strict hierarchy. Among many 'classifications' of conscripts the most well-known is: 'zapakh' (smell); 'dukh' (ghost); 'cherep' (skull), 'did' (old man/grandfather) - from which the name of the phenomenon was created, and - 'dembel' (from the word demobilization). Every group has its own rights and responsibilities which must be obeyed strictly and which keeping is supervised by the whole community. The service is subdivided into single phases by means of rituals, to which inseparable elements such as alcohol and physical violence belong. The specific soldier language as well as the unofficial soldier calendar, to which the entire military service, organizing of 'ritual feasts' and the ceremonial adding up of the remaining military service time comply, show the ritual form. The myth forming about the passed military service has a function of adaptation and consists of three phases: (1) - creation of the soldier reality; (2) - establishment of one's own position in the above mentioned reality; (3) - establishment of one's own position in the civil society, on the basis of the position in the forces. Additionally it serves the establishment of one's own civilian identity as an adult and mature person, in harmony with the initiation character of the military service. 'Didivshchyna' can be understood as a form of rebellion against the forced official military service, which is identified with the officer cadre and with rules and regulations. Independently from the moral assessment of this phenomenon in the society, the 'didivshchyna' still plays a supreme role in relation to the official military structures.
2

VARIANTY „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR (1960 – 1989). MODEL „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR V 60. ROKOCH 20. STOROČIA (II. ČASŤ)

70%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 2
77 - 109
EN
The study "Variants of the Defence System of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in the years 1960 to 1989 and the specifics of Slovakia" is chronologically divided into four parts. The first part points out the basic factors of geostrategic and geopolitical nature, which influenced the individual variants of the "Defence System". The other three parts address the issue of this system in the 60s, 70s, and 80s of the last century. They point out the characteristics of the individual models of the "Defence System", the problems of the solving teams and the inadequate interventions of the party centre of power. The models approved at the time responded not only to changes in the external security environment, but also to the artificially created ideological, so-called internal enemy. The study points to the key role of the military in these systems and the extremely wide range of tasks that other elements had to perform, such as the Civil Defence, the Interior Ministry and national committees at all levels. Extraordinary security measures in the years 1969-1989, which were among the repressive measures of the totalitarian regime in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, also became part of the "Defence System". These were developed to eliminate any form of resistance. The study also focuses on the specifics of Slovak conditions and points to the tasks of the Eastern Military District, which had to be fulfilled in preparation for the expected scenario of a war conflict. At the same time, this military district had to be prepared to eliminate the so-called internal enemy. During the period of normalization, the influence of the Communist Party in the "Defence System" was significantly strengthened.
3

REVENGE IN THE ARMY – THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SO-CALLED NORMALISATION PART 1 (FIRST STAGE – FROM AUGUST 1968 TO APRIL 1969)

70%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2023
|
vol. 27
|
issue 3
41 - 74
EN
The question of so-called normalisation in the military environment is divided into two parts. The study examines the period of the first stage of this controversial process based on extensive archival research. It points to the specific ways whereby this process differed from social developments. The aim of the so-called normalisation was to make the army once again a loyal and stabilising pillar of the neo-conservative regime. In addition to the so-called healthy core of military normalisers, a prominent role in the security forces was played by the military counter-intelligence. In the first stage particularly, it took on a key role and permanently exerted pressure to increase the speed of the purges. At the same time, the new party power centre lead by G. Husák was kept in fear of the so-called internal enemy.
4

VARIANTY „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR (1960 – 1989). GEOPOLITICKÝ A GEOSTRATEGICKÝ FAKTOR „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR (I. ČASŤ)

70%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 1
76 - 103
EN
The study "Variants of the defence system of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in the years 1960 to 1989 and the specifics of Slovakia" is chronologically divided into four parts. The first part points out the basic factors of geostrategic and geopolitical nature, which influenced the individual variants of the "Defence System". The other three parts address the issue of this system in the 60s, 70s, and 80s of the last century. They point out the characteristics of the individual models of the "Defence System", the problems of the solving teams and the inadequate interventions of the party centre of power. The models approved at the time responded not only to changes in the external security environment, but also to the artificially created ideological, so-called internal enemy. The study points to the key role of the military in these systems and the extremely wide range of tasks that other elements had to perform, such as the Civil Defence, the Interior Ministry and national committees at all levels. Extraordinary security measures in the years 1969-1989, which were among the repressive measures of the totalitarian regime in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, also became part of the "Defence System". These were developed to eliminate any form of resistance. The study also focuses on the specifics of Slovak conditions and points to the tasks of the Eastern Military District, which had to be fulfilled in preparation for the expected scenario of a war conflict. At the same time, this military district had to be prepared to eliminate the so-called internal enemy. During the period of normalization, the influence of the Communist Party in the "Defence System" was significantly strengthened.
5

NÁRODNOSTNÍ MENŠINY VE SLOVENSKÉ ARMÁDĚ MEZI BŘEZNEM 1939 A ČERVNEM 1941

70%
Hlavienka L.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
110 - 135
EN
Since its early days, the independent Slovak State originating in March 1939 had to come across a number of difficulties and challenges. Apart from the uncertain position in the Central European area and the threat of Hungarian territorial expansion, another issue was the position of national minorities living in the territory of the young country after 14 March. According to the registry from 1938, almost 400 thousand people located in the territory of the Republic claimed to other than the Slovak nationality, and the question was, how will the Republic deal with them. This article focuses on the fate of the national minorities among the Slovak troops, monitoring their numerical development between March 1939 and June 1941 and the conditions, under which they served in the Army.
6

MILITARY VIOLENCE IN TOWNS DURING THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR – THE CZECH AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN CONTEXT

70%
Kilián J.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
79 – 103
EN
This study focuses on one of the phenomena of mutual confrontation of military element and civilians, manifestations and forms of violent physical aggression perpetrated by soldiers on the civilian population, including women during the armed conflict of 1618-1648. It also attempts to categorize this violence and identify and describe the triggers. The research is based on a study of resources from selected Czech towns.
7
Content available remote

Príbeh československých légií

61%
Vrabel F.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
|
2011
|
vol. 21
|
issue 3
159-169
EN
The essay provides a brief summarizing overview on the development and history of the Czechoslovak volunteer armed forces in the years of World War I., an introduction to the issue of the development and functioning of armad units that - fighting together with the Entente powers (Russia, France, Great Britain, and Italy) - contributed to the creation of the independent Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. The author depicts the development of an idea to create resistant movement of Czechs and Slovaks, which led to the establishment of political centre of the Czech (later Czechoslovak) National Council with the seat in Paris and under the leadership of Tomas Garrigue Masaryk, Edvard Benes, and Milan Rastislav Stefanik. He also devotes himself to the period beginning with creation of the first units fighting with the Entente powers until the time when the Czechoslovak Brigade fighting in the battle of Zborov (2 July 1917), the individual divisions in Russia, France, Italy and even the Czechoslovak Corps in revolutionary Russia were set up. The essay commemorates also the anabasis of Russian legions on their way from Ukraine through Siberia to Vladivostok and their return back home in 1920. The conclusion of the essay informs about the next fates of legionnaires at home, about the legionnaire organizations, the significance of legionnaire traditions for new Czechoslovak army, the participation of legionnaires in the second resistant movement (1938-1945), the communist persecution of legionnaires and the renewal and work of the Czechoslovak Legionnaires Community after 1989. It puts stress on the need to recall the history of legions in order to bring up young people to patriotism and to strengthen the national identity.
8

SLOVAK PARTICULARITIES OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE LATE 1960´S

61%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 4
58 - 72
EN
The study deals with the complex and so far insufficiently processed topic of building the security system of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in the period of the 1960s. The text of the study uses a period term "defence system", which is, however, an obsolete terminology. In its basic features, it corresponds to the modern term "state security system". The period in question is specific in that the ideological model of the "all state defence" ended with a fiasco and with the military intervention of part of the Warsaw Pact troops in August 1968, which violently interrupted the courageous discussions on one's own defence doctrine in the period of the so-called Prague Spring. After the establishment of the federation, a new model of the "defence system" began to be implemented, in which the importance of Slovakia increased. The Army became the basis of the whole system yet again. However, the importance of nationwide preparation of the population for the anticipated war conflict with the "West" has increased. The basis of the new model of the "defence system" from the late 1960s was still valid in various modifications in the following period.
9
Content available remote

Zaniklé obce ve vojenském prostoru Ralsko 1946-1991

61%
Panáček J.
Acta onomastica
|
2010
|
vol. 51
|
issue 2
531-541
EN
Extinct Villages in the Military Area Ralsko 1946–1991 The Military Training Area Ralsko came into begin in 1946 and until 1968 it was used by the Czechoslovak Army. After the Russian occupation in 1968 it was passed over under the administration of the Soviet Army that has operated here until its withdrawal in 1991. As a result of the establishment of artillery and tank polygons in the military area round the airport in Hradcany, twenty villages and three agricultural estates were physically destroyed (see their list in the article). The new village Ralsko resident in Kurívody was created on the major part of this region.
10

IRAQ's FIRST COUP GOVERNMENT (1936 - 1937)

61%
Sorby Jr. K.
Asian and African Studies
|
2011
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
23-45
EN
By the mid-1930s, several officers of the Iraqi army had become actively interested in politics and found that the army's reputation for suppressing the Assyrian rebellion was a political asset. The most influential officers were true nationalists, that is, pan-Arabist, who inspired many of the junior officers. They looked to the examples of neighbouring Turkey and Iran, where military dictatorships were flourishing. Under the leadership of General Bakr Iidqi the army took over the government in the fall of 1936, and opened a period of the army's meddling in politics. A monolithic, totalitarian form of government seemed to offer a more effective means of unifying fragmented countries and modernizing backward societies than did constitutional democracy and the free enterprise system. The authoritarian regime that exerted the most powerful influence on Iraqis was that of Kamal. Many of the army officers and Ottoman-educated civilians could easily imagine themselves in the Turkish president's role. As an Islamic country with a background of similar traditions and problems, Turkey offered a more attainable example than European regimes. Moreover, rapid development, political unity, and greater social discipline were the desiderata of this line of thought. The assassination of Bakr Iidqi marked the collapse of the Bakr Iidqi - Eikmat Sulayman axis and the end of Iraq's first coup government.
11

VARIANTY „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR (1960 – 1989). MODEL „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR V OBDOBÍ ROKOV 1973 AŽ 1989 (IV. ČASŤ)

61%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 4
51 - 75
EN
The study is chronologically divided into four parts. The first part points out the basic factors of geostrategic and geopolitical nature, which influenced the individual variants of the “Defence System”. The other three parts address the issue of this system in the 60s, 70s, and 80s of the last century. They point out the characteristics of the individual models of the “Defence System”, the problems of the solving teams and the inadequate interventions of the party centre of power. The models approved at the time responded not only to changes in the external security environment, but also to the artificially created ideological, so-called internal enemy. The study points to the key role of the military in these systems and the extremely wide range of tasks that other elements had to perform, such as the Civil Defence, the Interior Ministry and national committees at all levels. Extraordinary security measures in the years 1969-1989, which were among the repressive measures of the totalitarian regime in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, also became part of the “Defence System”. These were developed to eliminate any form of resistance. The study also focuses on the specifics of Slovak conditions and points to the tasks of the Eastern Military District, which had to be fulfilled in preparation for the expected scenario of a war conflict. At the same time, this military district had to be prepared to eliminate the so-called internal enemy. During the period of normalization, the influence of the Communist Party in the “Defence System” was significantly strengthened.
12

THE ASCENDANCY OF THE BACTH IN SYRIA (1963 - 1966)

61%
Sorby K. R.
Asian and African Studies
|
2010
|
vol. 19
|
issue 1
48-70
EN
On the 8th March 1963 a military coup of the coalition of Bacthist, Naoirist and independent unionistic officers brought down the 'secessionist regime' in Damascus. When the army took over, it set up a National Revolutionary Council under the chairmanship of Lt-General Lu'ayy al-Atasi, who invited one of the leaders of the Socialist Party of Arab Resurrection (the Bacth Party) Ialaaddin al-Bioar to form a government of military and civilian ministers. One of the first actions of the new government was to issue a statement in which they declared that their aim was to lead Syria back to reunion with Egypt, this time in company with Iraq. At the same time General al-Atasi declared that the army had been purged of secessionists, including former ministers. Shortly after, minority members in the Syrian officers' corps increased again strongly in numbers at the expense of the Sunnites. A principal reason for this was that the Bacthist military leaders who were involved in the coup had called up numerous officers and non-commissioned officers with whom they were related through family, tribal or regional ties, to consolidate quickly their newly achieved power positions.
13

VARIANTY „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR (1960 – 1989). MODEL „BRANNÉHO SYSTÉMU“ ČSSR V POČIATOČNEJ FÁZE TZV. NORMALIZÁCIE (III. ČASŤ)

61%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3
105 - 127
EN
The study is chronologically divided into four parts. The first part points out the basic factors of geostrategic and geopolitical nature, which influenced the individual variants of the “Defence System”. The other three parts address the issue of this system in the 60s, 70s, and 80s of the last century. They point out the characteristics of the individual models of the “Defence System”, the problems of the solving teams and the inadequate interventions of the party centre of power. The models approved at the time responded not only to changes in the external security environment, but also to the artificially created ideological, so-called internal enemy. The study points to the key role of the military in these systems and the extremely wide range of tasks that other elements had to perform, such as the Civil Defence, the Interior Ministry and national committees at all levels. Extraordinary security measures in the years 1969-1989, which were among the repressive measures of the totalitarian regime in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, also became part of the “Defence System”. These were developed to eliminate any form of resistance. The study also focuses on the specifics of Slovak conditions and points to the tasks of the Eastern Military District, which had to be fulfilled in preparation for the expected scenario of a war conflict. At the same time, this military district had to be prepared to eliminate the so-called internal enemy. During the period of normalization, the influence of the Communist Party in the “Defence System” was significantly strengthened.
14

ZABUDNUTÝ ÚTVAR. KRÁTKE DEJINY 73. PEŠIEHO PLUKU (1949 – 1954)

61%
Medvecký M.
Vojenská história
|
2016
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
86 - 110
EN
The study is aimed at introducing the short, less than 5 years lasting existence of the 73rd Infantry. This is a unit existing from 1949 to 1954, which has been almost forgotten. The author describes the task of the Infantry, in particular to prepare a sufficient cadre of soldiers who were to be assigned the intelligence and preparatory tasks in the rear of the enemy troops after the outbreak of armed conflict in Europe. He also outlined its structure, pointing out to the complications and conflict of competencies between the intelligence and counterintelligence, which had a negative impact on the very functioning of the unit. In the first period, the soldiers were also suffering due to poor material equipment and the fact that the applicants for service could have been chosen only from among the trainees of exploratory courses may be considered as a great disadvantage of the unit. Later on, the unit was no longer subject only to the Intelligence Department of the General Staff and thereby its background, security and replenishment have improved. Even in spite of that, its members, including the commanders, were not able to meet the expectations and the soldiers, in some cases, had troubles with demonstrating basic skills. Probably due to poor results of inspections, the unit was cancelled in 1954. Later on, similar units were established within the Czechoslovak People’s Army. The study itself works only as a more comprehensive probe into the issue. Its incompleteness is obvious from the documentation studied, which is apparently caused by relatively extensive shredding of documents of the General Staff Intelligence Department during its whole existence as well as insufficient interest in the archival records of the former military intelligence after 1989.
15

DOBRÁ ARMÁDA. NÁVRH NA REORGANIZÁCIU ARMÁDY Z KONCA 18. STOROČIA. DELOSTRELECTVO A ĽAHKÉ JEDNOTKY (II. ČASŤ)

51%
Čičaj V.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 2
132 - 148
EN
In the introduction of the material study, the author states that the new situation in the military development in the 18th century was also connected to the development of the military theory dominated by France. Furthermore, during this era, several practical military manuals and regulations were issued for various command levels and army units. In the published paper, the author addresses the work of Baron Karl Ludwig O'Cahill, where he outlined the period idea of how to build a good army. His work was interesting from the point of view that in many cases we can partially see the differences between the idealistic idea and the period reality of the 18th century armies. We have relatively few detailed information about the author to help us reconstruct his life. He was born in Beelitz in1746 (Potsdam, Brandenburg) and died in Würzburg between 1804 and 1809. He served as an officer in Baden. In his works, he mentioned his titles and ranks. They imply that he was familiar with the military environment of the late of the 18th and early 19th centuries, when the Napoleonic wars were taking place in Europe. In his youth, he was a Kammerjunker at the Hohenlohe – Waldenburg – Schilling princely court, later becoming the Court Marshal. He served in the infantry regiment of von Jung-Sutterheim. It is probable that he had excellent knowledge of the French language, which is documented by several translations. Compared to his scarce biographic data, O'Cahill’s bibliography was relatively rich. During his time, his works were very popular and were published in several editions. He addressed not only the military topics, military history, current military and political situation but also tried creating prosaic, dramatic and ethical works. In his work about forming a good, ideal army in the second half of the 18th century, he described the tactics, training and organisation of infantry, cavalry, artillery, military engineering, health care and security for military veterans. The benefit of the work consisted in comparing the idealistic ideas about army with their period reality.
16

CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND ITS ARMY IN A BUFFER ZONE OF “EAST-WEST” (PERIOD: 1960 – 1968-AUGUST)

51%
Púčik M.
Vojenská história
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 3
95 - 126
EN
The study deals with the issue associated with the so-called “Cold War” and the escalation of tension between the “East” and the “West”. This historical period was specifically affected by the consequences of the so-called "Cuban” and the so-called “Berlin” crisis. In the context of the above, there is an interesting geopolitical and, in particular, geostrategic aspect of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ČSSR) in the so-called “buffer zone” between the mentioned powers blocks. The study also focuses on the role and importance of the former Czechoslovak People's Army (ČSĽA) in military strategists’ plans of the Warsaw Treaty. The application of these plans had negative consequences not only for the army as a whole but also for the entire society. During the first half of the 1960s, the Ministry of Defence of the ČSSR and the General Staff of the ČSĽA were often forced to reorganize and re-dislocate the motor rifle and tank divisions. These were concentrated in particular on detaining the supposed NATO attack from the west and especially from the southwest. At the same time, they were prepared to attack an ideological enemy. The fulfilment of the Warsaw Pact command sought extraordinarily high financial costs for the modernization and arming of high readiness combat units. The political centre of power inadequately interfered with this demanding process in the form of directives.
17

DOBRÁ ARMÁDA. NÁVRH NA REORGANIZÁCIU ARMÁDY Z KONCA 18. STOROČIA. PECHOTA A JAZDECTVO (I. ČASŤ)

51%
Čičaj V.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 1
104 - 124
EN
In the introduction of the material study, the author states that the new situation in the military development in the 18th century was also connected to the development of the military theory dominated by France. Furthermore, during this era, several practical military manuals and regulations were issued for various command levels and army units. In the published paper, the author addresses the work of Baron Karl Ludwig O'Cahill, where he outlined the period idea of how to build a good army. His work was interesting from the point of view that in many cases we can partially see the differences between the idealistic idea and the period reality of the 18th century armies. We have relatively few detailed information about the author to help us reconstruct his life. He was born in Beelitz in 1746 (Potsdam, Brandenburg) and died in Würzburg between 1804 and 1809. He served as an officer in Baden. In his works, he mentioned his titles and ranks. They imply that he was familiar with the military environment of the late of the 18th and early 19th centuries, when the Napoleonic wars were taking place in Europe. In his youth, he was a Kammerjunker at the Hohenlohe – Waldenburg – Schilling princely court, later becoming the Court Marshall. He served in the infantry regiment of von Jung-Sutterheim. It is probable that he had excellent knowledge of the French language, which is documented by several translations. Compared to his scarce biographic data, O'Cahill’s bibliography was relatively rich. During his time, his works were very popular and were published in several editions. He addressed not only the military topics, military history, current military and political situation but also tried creating prosaic, dramatic and ethical works. In his work about forming a good, ideal army in the second half of the 18th century, he described the tactics, training and organisation of infantry, cavalry, artillery, military engineering, health care and security for military veterans. The benefit of the work consisted in comparing the idealistic ideas about army with their period reality.
18

PREMATURE ATTEMPT AT LIBERAL DEMOCRACY IN IRAQI POLITICS (1930 – 1937)

51%
Sorby K. R.
Asian and African Studies
|
2014
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
205 – 225
EN
During the early 1930s a liberal left-wing group named “al-Ahālī” came to being. First, their members made their views public in January 1932. They proposed sweeping social reforms, but hoped to perform their plans by parliamentary methods, without having to resort to violent means. They did not call for a class struggle, and recognized the value of the institutions of the family and religion and supported patriotism (al-waṭanīya) against nationalism (al-qawmīya). The leading members of this association established the Baghdad Club, a cultural centre where the members treated different themes and drew into debate people from widely varying background. There were differences of opinion between them as to whether or not a political party should be established. Originally they saw their main task as general cultural work to combat illiteracy. However, the group became more radical in 1934 – 1935 and it was joined by some communists. It also established contacts with some of the older politicians who favoured reforms, such as Ḥikmat Sulaymān, who had been much impressed by the work of Kemal Atatürk in Turkey. By October 1936, full agreement had been reached between those, who prepared the military coup. With the overthrow of the government, the first short-lived coalition supported by the liberal and left-centre forces in Iraq was installed.
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