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Říšský sněm v Augšpurku roku 1559 pohledem Jáchyma z Hradce

100%

Buzek V., Smisek R.

Folia historica Bohemica

2008

issue 23

35-89

Jachym of Hradec, the chief chancellor of the Kingdom of Bohemia, used his findings from sessions of the Augsburg Imperial Assemblies and backstage discussions in his private letters to the elected Bohemian king, Maximilian II. In these, he sent him news from this imperial city to Vienna, Prague and Bratislava from August 1559. On reading the letters, Maximilian II ordered his scribes to write a prompt reply. In some letters, Maximilian II demanded detailed answers to his questions, which he put in the closing part. According to the preserved concepts from Maximilian II to Jachym of Hradec, it is clear that the councillor sent the Bohemian king a minimum of 24 letters from March to the beginning of August 1559. Out of the mentioned amount, eleven letters have been preserved in the imperial court office's documents. Due to their important content, these letters have been published in a critical edition as part of the supplement. The uniting feature of these eleven letters is news by the chief councillor of the Kingdom of Bohemia on major points coming from the Assembly's discussions, which were stigmatised by a tense international situation. In his letters, Jachym excelled in remarkable description of disputes between France and the Holy Roman Empire, military clashes between the Spanish king Philip II and the Dutch estates, the Russian Tsar Ivan IV's raid into Livonia and the Turkish menace in Hungary. Jachym's personal testimony on the 1559 Augsburg assembly confirmed that the chief chancellor was one of the best-informed officers on the political and clerical situation beyond the country's boundary in the mid-16th century. Reflections on preparations, particular discussions and the uniquely fanciful everyday life of the 16th century imperial assemblies, as they appeared in articles written by Bohemian and Moravian noblemen, offer a yet unanalysed space for understanding the political awareness of leading estate monarchy officers and their abilities to comprehend the symbolic language of rituals on the Emperor's court. Many of them started to realise its political and cultural influence in the mid-16th century. The above-mentioned direction suggests a possible course to a desirable resumption of Pre-White Mountain political history within the Central European grid. It may then step out of the shadow of the estates' fights for belief and power, i.e. a subject, which has formed a backbone to interpretations on particular Bohemian Crown lands over the last decades.

17th century thesis sheets of Hungarian students in Central Europe

88%

Galavics G.

Muveszettorteneti Ertesito (Bulletin of the Hungarian Society of Archaeology and History of Art)

2004

vol. 53

issue 1/4

53-80

In the 17th-18th centuries, multiplied graphic works - thesis sheets - were made for the ceremonial examinations of the students at the universities. The 17th century history of thesis sheets ordered by Hungarian students actually only spans half a century because the first thesis sheet of Hungarian students was published in 1654. The first thesis sheet was issued by the university of Nagyszombat and dedicated to a young Hungarian aristocrat, Pál Esterházy, whose theme is the Esterházy family's struggle against the Ottomans. The relationship between the Vienna court and the Hungarian nobility deteriorated in the years following the peace of Vasvár of 1664, which was highly detrimental to Hungary. The personal delegate of Emperor Leopold I represented him at the exams and handed over the Emperor's award to the candidates. Such an exam was a special favour, and only one to three students earned the right to sit for it a year in the imperial capital in the 17th century. The Hungarian candidates were offspring of the most notable families of counts and barons. The first Hungarian student to take such an examination was baron István Koháry. The genre of the thesis sheet sensitively responded to the change in the relation between the Habsburg rule and the Hungarian estates around 1680. In 1681 the pro-Habsburg Pál Esterházy was elected Palatine, and this was the decade in which the Ottomans were driven out of Hungary and Buda was liberated. The Hungarian nobility, though not regaining their earlier influence, remained a decisive factor in the region to be reckoned with by the central power. From the onset of the 18th century the practice of having personal, individual thesis sheets characterizing the previous fifty years or so gradually changed. They were replaced by mostly ready-made thesis sheets marketed by the Augsburg print publishers. Though the 18th century thesis sheets, similarly to their 17th century counterparts, are among the top achievements of multiplied graphic art in Augsburg and reveal a lot about the artistic colloquial of the age and the artistic argumentation used by the Jesuits and other monastic orders, what was lost in many of the 18th century specimens of the genre was the personalness that characterized the 17th century pieces and that lent the beginnings of baroque its unsurpassable dynamism.

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1 Folia historica Bohemica

1 Muveszettorteneti Ertesito (Bulletin of the Hungarian Society of Archaeology and History of Art)

1 Buzek V.

1 Galavics G.

1 Smisek R.

1 2008

1 2004

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Říšský sněm v Augšpurku roku 1559 pohledem Jáchyma z Hradce

17th century thesis sheets of Hungarian students in Central Europe