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1

The Avar-Khaganate Necropolis and Early-Medieval settlement features in Cierny Brod

100%
Zabojnik J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 1
95-142
EN
The author presents the results from his study of a part of necropolis in Cierny Brod dated to the Avar Khaganate period and the settlement features dated to the early-medieval period. The part of Avar-Khaganate necropolis is represented by 19 burials. Among them the equestrian grave 63 with a partial burial of the horse is exceptional. This is the second known case of such way of burying from the late phase of the Avar Khaganate on the territory of Slovakia, as till now the graves with partial burial of the horses were unambiguously dated to the early phase of the Khaganate. Their finds are the most frequent in the river Tisa basin. At the other regions of the Carpathian basin they are more or less rare. Important is also a collection of the finds from the grave (88), in which a cast bronze belt garniture was revealed. Among them a main belt strap-end is remarkable. Its front side is decorated with composition called 'fighting animals' or so-called 'three-piece ornament'. Exceptional presentation of this relatively frequent motif enables us to classify the strap-end to the 'Nyekladhaza type'. Its back side is decorated with a rather rare feather ornament. The set of the belt mounts included also the quadratic mounts with the pendants decorated with a griffon. The other graves had relatively poor equipment (simple ear-rings, beads, iron knives, sickles, etc.). Two wooden buckets, from which their iron platings were preserved, and a set of five pottery pieces represent the vessels. These were found in the children graves. They are mostly the winded exemplars. The part of the necropolis under study, on which probably relatively poor community buried their deceased members, can be dated to the first half of the 8th century. The early-medieval period is represented also by the settlement objects (one dwelling with two adjacent depressions and two pits). Considering absence of metal artefacts that could make their dating more precise, in their chronology we have to rely on dating of numerous pottery fragments. These allow us to classify the settlement objects only the general features to the end of the 9th and the 10th centuries.
2

ON THE PROBLEM OF BLUDGEONS FROM THE PERIOD OF THE AVAR KHAGANATE (K problematike bijakov z obdobia avarskeho kaganatu)

88%
Zabojnik J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
169-182
EN
The paper deals with occurrence of pear-, ball- or egg-shaped artefacts made of the antler or bone. In Russian scientific literature the term 'kisten' is used for its description. It is a part of striking weapon, in which movable joining of head and handle is used to increase the striking effect. Strokes are heavier and defence is more difficult than from stave and mace. Comparing with sword, mace or war hammer, impact force is not transmitted to the handle. The shield protection against strokes is problematic, too. Another advantage is that its head on the chain can wrap around the enemy's weapon. Ensuing swift movement backwards pulls the weapon out of his hands. In the Slovak scientific literature the term 'bijak' is used for this weapon, which occurs in horseman's graves from the Period of the Avar Khaganate. That's why its single-handed variant is hypothesized to exist. Majority of bludgeons can be dated to the late phase of the Period of the Avar Khaganate. In addition to another phenomena and artefacts that existed at the Khaganate territory in this period, occurrence of bludgeons proves intensive contacts between the Carpathian Basin and the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, where this type of weapon appears rather frequently.
3

OSTEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BLUDGEONS FROM SLOVAKIA (Osteologicka analyza bijakov zo Slovenska)

63%
Miklikova Z.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
183-188
EN
The study presents results of the osteological analysis of pear- and ball-shaped artefacts found in the riders' graves from the Period of the Avar Khaganate, interpreted by J. Zabojnik as bludgeons. The main aim of the authoress' investigation was to identify the raw material of the available finds from the territory of Slovakia. The bludgeons from cemeteries in Bratislava, part Devinska Nova Ves-Tehelna (grave 28), Kosice, part Sebastovce-Lapise (grave 94), Cataj-Zemanske Gejzove (grave 148 a 252) and Velky Meder-Vamostelek (grave 25) have been studied. A macroscopic examination of the raw material suggested that all five specimens were made of antler or antler/bone (specimen from Devinska Nova Ves). The preference of using antler for manufacturing the similar artefacts was documented in other archaeological sites of nomadic or semi-nomadic people from the early Middle Age, although other kinds of the raw material of animal origin (ivory, bone) were observed in here as well.
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