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EN
The article deals with the largest publishing project of Adam Honory Kirkor (1819–1886), namely the Russia-wide ‘Novoye Vremya’ daily. In its early years (1868–1871), the newspaper, invariably associated with Russian nationalism, was one of the press organs that advocated Polish-Russian reconciliation after the January Uprising. In most cases, the numerous works about the principal publisher and editor of the daily pay little attention to the St. Petersburg period of his biography, and completely gloss over Kirkor’s political legacy. This article aims to fill this gap; its authors place the origins and functioning of ‘Novoye Vremya’ in the context of the debate on the changes that the Russian Empire underwent during ‘the Era of Great Reforms’ (i.e. in 1860s and 1870s). The principal focal points of journalistic discourse of that time were the transformation of society and of its structure and the ascendancy and development of nationalism: the ideological allegiance of individual press titles was predicated on their approach to these two phenomena. ‘Novoye Vremya’ formed part of the trend that was known as ‘the aristocratic party’, which wished to safeguard the existing social hierarchy (not least by preserving the dominant position of the privileged) and opposed the policy of Russification of the western peripheries of the empire under the guise of egalitarianism. The article presents the diary’s programmatic pieces, which are compared to those of the ‘Vest’’ newspaper, which was the propaganda outlet of the aristocratic party. It also discusses the arguments used by A.H. Kirkor’s opponents, both conservatives and liberals. Finally, the views stated by the newspaper are verified against Kirkor’s opinions that he formulated (openly or anonymously) after leaving St Petersburg. The source base of the article are the yearbooks of the newspapers ‘Vest’’, ‘Novoye Vremya’, ‘Vestnik Zapadnoy Rossii’ and ‘Golos’, as well as Kirkor’s understudied papers held in the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o największym przedsięwzięciu wydawniczym Adama Honorego Kirkora (1818/1819–1886) – ogólnorosyjskiej gazecie codziennej „Nowoje Wriemia”. Tytuł nieodmiennie kojarzony z nacjonalizmem rosyjskim był w swoich początkach (1868–1871) organem prasowym służącym porozumieniu polsko-rosyjskiemu po powstaniu styczniowym. Liczne prace o wydawcy-redaktorze dziennika niewiele uwagi poświęcają petersburskiemu okresowi jego biografii, a już całkowicie rezygnują z omówienia politycznego dzieła życia A.H. Kirkora. Artykuł jest pierwszą próbą uzupełnienia tej luki. Autorzy wpisują powstanie i funkcjonowanie gazety „Nowoje Wriemia” w kontekst debat o przemianach w Imperium Rosyjskim „epoki wielkich reform” (lata sześćdziesiąte i siedemdziesiąte XIX w.). Transformacja struktur społecznych i dojrzewająca myśl nacjonalistyczna to centralne zagadnienia publicystyki tamtego czasu; stosunek do tych zjawisk określał identyfikację ideową poszczególnych organów prasowych. „Nowoje Wriemia” wpisywało się w nurt tzw. partii arystokratycznej, broniącej zastanej hierarchii społecznej (z typową dla niej dominacją warstw uprzywilejowanych) i sprzeciwiającej się polityce rusyfikacji zachodnich peryferii imperium pod płaszczykiem haseł egalitarystycznych. W artykule przedstawiono programowe wystąpienia dziennika w zestawieniu z wystąpieniami gazety „Wiest’ ”, będącej tubą propagandową partii arystokratycznej. Przywołano argumenty, jakimi posługiwali się przeciwnicy A.H. Kirkora: zarówno konserwatyści, jak i liberałowie. Wreszcie dokonano weryfikacji prezentowanych na łamach gazety poglądów z opiniami A.H. Kirkora, formułowanymi (anonimowo i pod nazwiskiem) w popetersburskim okresie jego życia. Bazą źródłową artykułu są roczniki gazet „Wiest’”, „Nowoje Wriemia”, „Wiestnik Zapadnoj Rossii” i „Gołos”, a także niewykorzystywane dotąd materiały ze spuścizny A.H. Kirkora w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej.
EN
The article deals with the newspaper “Novoe Vremya” in the first years of its existence (1868-1871), when its editor-publisher Adam Honory Kirkor (1819-1886) set the tone. The subject of this article is the reputation of “Novoe Vremya” as an organ representing Polish interests in Russia. Discourse analysis method was used in the research. The basis of the source material are the yearbooks of the newspaper, additionally the Polish press was used. The conclusions of the study demonstrate a strong identification of “Novoe Vremya” with Polishness, perceived by the tsarist and the Russian public opinion as a cultural force preventing an effective unification of the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Russian Empire. At the same time, the relatively low readership and recognition of the newspaper in Polish circles are shown. This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation. The grant No. 19-18-00073 “National Identity in the Imperial Politics of Memory: History of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian State in Historiography and Social Thought of the 19th-20th Centuries”.
EN
A distinctive feature of the Belarusian literary process of the 19th century is the parallel presence of authorial and anonymous works. In the corpus of artistic texts of this period there are more than a hundred anonymous works. We know the names and surnames of many writers who allegedly wrote in Belarusian, but to our time no Belarusian works have survived. The subject of this study is the life and creative vicissitudes of Yulian Liaskouski (1826–1889), as well as hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of the poet in the creation of the poem Zahraj, zahraj, chłopcze mały... (Play, Play, Boy Small...) and propaganda texts for the people from the early 1860s. The article, based on the analysis of printed and handwritten materials, proves that Yulian Liaskouski, who most often performed under the pseudonyms Y. Korabicz, Marcin Mizera, and Mroczek, used not only Polish, but also Belarusian in his works. It is very likely that the poems Ziemielka maja… (My land…) and Pad dudu (Sing the Bagpipe Pad), published by him as folk ones in the article Słówko o pieśni (A Word about Song) (1882), belong to him. However, the most significant evidence in favour of the fact that Y. Liaskouski has written some works in Belarusian is the statement of Adam Honori Kirkor, in which a well-known Vilnius editor and publisher includes the poet and publicist Yulian Mroczek among the most famous Belarusian writers of the middle of the 19th century – Vincent Dunin-Marcinkewicz, Arciom Viaryha-Dareuski, Uladislau Syrakomlia, Vikentij K.
BE
Беларускі літаратурны працэс у ХІХ ст. адметны тым, што ў корпусе ягоных мастацкіх тэкстаў маецца больш за сто ананімных твораў. І гэта пры тым, што мы ведаем імёны і прозвішчы шматлікіх літаратараў таго часу, якія, па сведчанні сучаснікаў, пісаліпа-беларуску, але анічога з іхняе беларускамоўнае спадчыны нібыта не захавалася. Прадметам дадзенага даследавання з’яўляюцца перыпетыі жыцця і творчага лёсу ЮльянаЛяскоўскага (1826–1889), а таксама гіпотэзы адносна магчымай датычнасці паэта да напісання верша Zahraj, zahraj, chłopcze mały... і агітацыйных тэкстаў для люду на пачатку 1860-х гг. У артыкуле на падставе аналізу друкаваных і рукапісных матэрыялаўдаводзіцца, што Ю. Ляскоўскі, які часцей за ўсё выступаў пад псеўданімамі J. Korabicz, Marcin Mizera, а таксама Mroczek, выкарыстоўваў у сваёй творчасці не толькі польскую мову, але і беларускую. Вельмі імаверна, што яму належаць вершы Ziemielka maja… і Pad dudu, апублікаваныя ім як народныя ў артыкуле Słówko o pieśni (1882). Аднак самым істотным сведчаннем на карысць таго, што Ю. Ляскоўскі пісаў па-беларуску, з’яўляеццасцверджанне Адама Ганоры Кіркора, у якім знаны віленскі рэдактар і выдавец далучае паэта і публіцыста Юльяна Мрочака да кагорты самых вядомых беларускамоўных літаратараў сярэдзіны ХІХ стагоддзя – Вінцэнта Дунін-Марцінкевіча, Арцёма Вярыгі- Дарэўскага, Уладзіслава Сыракомлі, Вікенція К.
PL
Charakterystyczną cechą białoruskiego procesu literackiego XIX wieku jest paralelne występowanie dzieł autorskich oraz anonimowych. W korpusie  tekstów artystycznych tego okresu znajduje się ponad sto anonimowych dzieł. Znamy wprawdzie imiona i nazwiska wielu pisarzy, którzy rzekomo  pisali po białorusku, ale do naszych czasów nie zachowały się żadne białoruskie utwory. Przedmiotem niniejszego badania są perypetie życiowe i twórcze losy Juliana Laskowskiego (1826–1889), a także hipotezy dotyczące możliwego zaangażowania poety w powstanie wiersza Zahraj, zahraj,  chłopcze mały... oraz tekstów propagandowych dla ludu z początku lat 60. XIX w. Artykuł, oparty na analizie materiałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych, dowodzi, że J. Laskowski, występujący najczęściej pod pseudonimami J. Korabicz, Marcin Mizera i Mroczek, w swojej twórczości posługiwał się nie tylko językiem polskim, ale także białoruskim. Jest wielce prawdopodobne, że wiersze Ziemielka maja… i Pad dudu, opublikowane przez niego jako ludowe w artykule Słówko o pieśni (1882), są jego  autorstwa. Jednak najbardziej znaczącym dowodem tego, że J. Laskowski pisał po białorusku, jest wypowiedź Adama Honory Kirkora, w której znany wileński redaktor i wydawca włącza poetę i publicystę Juliana Mroczka do grona najsłynniejszych pisarzy białoruskich połowy XIX wieku – Wincenta Dunina-Marcinkiewicza, Arcioma Weryha-Darewskiego, Władysława Syrokomli, Wikiencija K.
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