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Adam Smith – poza myśl ekonomiczną

100%
Markwart A.
Estetyka i Krytyka
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2012
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issue 2(25)
273-276
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Krytyka „etyki sympatii” i „problem A. Smitha” w świetle lektury "Teorii uczuć moralnych"

85%
Szulczewski G.
Prakseologia
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2015
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vol. 157/1
79-94
PL
Główna praca Adama Smitha w obszarze filozofii moralnej Teoria uczuć moralnych od początku budziła kontrowersje. Tytuł ten był krytykowany przez etyków. Spotkał się z fenomenologiczną krytyką Maksa Schelera skierowaną na „uczucia moralne”. Ekonomiści mieli „problem Smitha” polegający na zrozumieniu relacji Teorii uczuć moralnych do głównego dzieła ekonomii, czyli Badań nad naturą i przyczynami bogactwa narodów. Artykuł podejmuje próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy etyka Adama Smitha, pomimo krytyki „etyki sympatii”, nie traci na znaczeniu w ramach historii samej etyki, w tym etyki gospodarczej, i stara się rozwiązać „problem Smitha” w oparciu o dogłębną analizę jego dzieł. Próby te prowadzą do wniosku, że krytyka „etyki sympatii” dokonana przez Maksa Schelera czy krytyka ekonomistów nie powinny prowadzić do zanegowania wartości i spójności poglądów Smitha z zakresu filozofii moralnej i ich związku z badaniami z zakresu ekonomii.
EN
The Theory of Moral Sentiments Adam Smith major work in the field of moral philosophy from the beginning of the publication is very controversial. Title: The Theory of Moral Sentiments was criticized by ethicists. It has undergone a phenomenological critique of Max Scheler. He made the criticism „ethical sympathies.” Economists had „a problem with Smith” (Adam-Smith-Problem) namely understanding Theory of Moral Sentiments connection with the main work of economics research into The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations. The article attempts to answer the question of whether ethics A. Smith, despite the criticism of „ethics of sympathy”, does not lose its importance in the context of pre-history of ethics, including business ethics, and tried to solve „Adam-Smith-Problem”, based on a comprehensive analysis of his works. The final conclusion of this article is to say that criticism of „ethics of sympathy” made by M. Scheler, or criticisms of economists on the display of feelings of sympathy should not lead to a denial of the value and consistency of the views of Adam Smith in the field of moral philosophy and their connection with studies in economics.
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A synthesis of evolutionary and behavioural economics

80%
Polowczyk J.
Economics and Business Review
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2021
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vol. 7
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issue 3
16-34
EN
The article presents the current state of evolutionary economics against the backdrop of changes related to the potential use of the achievements of other social sciences, in particular psychology, as well as dynamically developing neuroscience. The article suggests a synthesis of evolutionary and behavioural economics concepts as a logical consequence of evolutionary cooperation processes in social sciences. Interdisciplinary initiatives create new perspectives on generation synergy effects for all participants. Contemporary evolutionary economists present the nature of ongoing innovation-driven economic change as a long evolutionary process. The main creator of the econosphere as a global system is a man–entrepreneur who is also the result of evolutionary processes. For this reason evolutionary economics should take into account the results of behavioural economics’ research based on modern psychology and neuroscience. The cornerstone of evolutionary and behavioural economics synthesis are the theories of Adam Smith which should be regarded as his holistic intellectual heritage.
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Business Ethics in Adam Smith’s works

80%
Zabieglik S.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 6
21-32
EN
This paper presents some views of Adam Smith based on some selected problems of business ethics. These can be found in his famous works-The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations-and in his lectures at the Glasgow University, where he was a professor of moral philosophy in 1752–1764. The main argument of the paper is that ethical problems (presented mainly in The Theory of Moral Sentiments) are also present in his political economy, which contradicts some neoliberal interpretations of his works as ones of the “intellectual father of capitalism”. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith criticizes each social class because of the fact that its interests are incompatible with the good of the whole society. He condemned the monopolist efforts of the traders and entrepreneurs, described some property owners as “vain egoists” and advanced the interests of the poor. He maintained that the interests of the traders should be supported when these were compatible with the interest of the consumers. The desire for possession and wealth should be analyzed from the social point of view: It is good when it contributes to the common good and the reproduction of humankind.
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The Scottish Enlightenment and the Challenges of Commercial Society: Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

80%
Smith C.
Horyzonty Polityki
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 25
43-64
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to examine the economic advice that Adam Smith provides for individuals and relate that to the judgements that he makes about national economies. It argues that Smith’s interest in unintended consequences leads him to consider both levels of economic activity in a particular way. While these aspects of his thought have been discussed in the literature, they have not been analysed together. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: As a book the Wealth of Nations had two interrelated purposes: it was a scientific attempt to understand political economy, and it was also a critical intervention into British policy based upon the evidence of that inquiry. This paper looks at the connection between these two aspects of the book. In particular it examines how Smith moves from an explanation of the evolution and operation of commercial society that depends on unintended consequences (such as the famous ‘invisible hand’) to a set of suggestions for macro level policy to be undertaken by the government and micro level advice for individuals. The paper proceeds by close textual analysis of key passages from Smith’s work. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: the paper traces how Smith’s scientific approach generalises from historical evidence to identify and study the core principles of the division of labour and trade. From here he identifies a set of necessary conditions for the successful operation of a commercial society: The rule of law, political stability, and certain public works and regulations. But Smith also offers some observations on successful economic strategies that should be adopted by individuals. RESEARCH RESULTS: The paper shows that Smith communicates his advice to individuals through character sketches of the book’s ‘hero’ the prudent man, and the book’s ‘villains’ the prodigal and the projector. The contrast between these examples serves a didactic purpose for Smith. CONCLUSION, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATION: The paper concludes by taking a look at Smith’s advice to individuals for pursuing economic success through character sketches. It contributes to the literature by stressing Smith’s interest in the connection between macro-level national economic phenomena and micro-level individual economic strategy, and by showing how his book offers advice to both nations and individuals. This is an underexplored dimension of Smith’s account that is examined in detail in a way not present in the scholarly literature.
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Nierówności dochodowe w ujęciu Adama Smitha

71%
Zagóra-Jonszta U.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2022
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vol. 66
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issue 2
143-153
EN
Income inequalities have accompanied societies for centuries, and today, despite the growing standard of living, they are deepening. The aim of this article is to present the position of the father of classical English economics, Adam Smith, on income inequality and to draw attention to looking for causes and justifying income differences. He noticed the growing gap between the richer entrepreneurs and landowners and wage labourers, although in the second half of the 18th century it was not yet the largest. It is often believed that the classics, being liberals, did not pay much attention to income inequality and did not pay it due attention. The article attempts to verify the hypothesis formulated in this way, although it is limited only to Smith’s position, however, it must be remembered that it was he who set the direction of research for his successors. This issue not only occupied the minds of great classics, but also prompted the search for its source and the possibility of mitigation, as well as its justification. The article uses the source analysis method, the comparative method as well as a simple description method.
PL
Nierówności dochodowe towarzyszą społeczeństwom od wieków, a współcześnie, mimo rosnącego poziomu życia, pogłębiają się. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie stanowiska ojca klasycznej ekonomii angielskiej, Adama Smitha, wobec nierówności dochodowych oraz zwrócenie uwagi na szukanie przyczyn i usprawiedliwianie różnic w dochodach. Dostrzegał on rosnącą przepaść między bogacącymi się przedsiębiorcami i właścicielami ziemi a najemnymi robotnikami, chociaż w drugiej połowie XVIII w. nie była ona jeszcze największa. Często się uważa, że klasycy, będąc liberałami, nie skupiali się zanadto na nierównościach dochodowych i nie poświęcali im należytej uwagi. Artykuł podejmuje próbę weryfikacji tak sformułowanej hipotezy, ograniczając się wprawdzie tylko do stanowiska Smitha, jednak trzeba pamiętać, że to on wyznaczył kierunek badań swoim następcom. Kwestia ta nie tylko zaprzątała umysły wielkich klasyków, ale też skłaniała do szukania jej źródła i możliwości złagodzenia, ale również jej usprawiedliwienia. W artykule wykorzystano metodę analizy źródeł, metodę porównawczą oraz prostą metodę opisu.
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On the Modelling Method in Adam Smith’s Economic Thought

71%
Hardt Ł.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2023
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vol. 313
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issue 1
3-18
PL
Wiele napisano o ekonomii Adama Smitha, jednakże to, czy jego metoda badawcza może być określona jako wyjaśnianie poprzez modelowanie, jest w dużej mierze nadal niezbadane. Interesujące jest więc przeanalizowanie tego, w jakim stopniu A. Smith może być uznany za budującego modele. Kwestia ta podejmowana jest w niniejszym tekście. Analizując elementy metody wyjaśniania poprzez modelowanie obecne u tych, którzy wywarli wpływ na Smitha, ale też badając jego własną metodę badawczą, wraz z odniesieniem się do jego generalnej refleksji nad tym, jak nauka, w tym ekonomia, powinna być uprawiana, pokazujemy, że jego metoda badawcza w dużej mierze opiera się na modelowaniu zjawisk empirycznych.
EN
Much has been written about Adam Smith’s economics, but one unanswered question is whether his method of inquiry is a modelling approach. It is therefore interesting to investigate to what extent Smith can be described as an economic modeller. Such an investigation is presented in this paper. By studying elements of modelling methods developed by those who influenced Smith, as well as his own ways of doing economics, together with his general insights on how science, including economics, should be practiced, we show that his method of inquiry is hugely based on modelling empirical phenomena.
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W poszukiwaniu racjonalności ekonomicznej w dziełach Adama Smitha

71%
Turek K. M.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
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2019
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issue 67
97-124
EN
In Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations the term ‘rational’ occurs only twice. Neither of these uses assigns the property of rationality either to human beings or to economic agents. Despite that, Smith is widely recognised as the founder of modern mainstream economics, a science which is defined by the assumption of the rationality of an economic agent. This paper aims to locate and discuss the notion of rationality which is implied by Smith’s work. To achieve that a double-track approach is taken. First, the current paper reconstructs Smith’s general view on human nature which was presented mainly in his earlier book The Theory of Moral Sentiments. This is followed by a discussion of Smith’s theses on selected mechanisms which drive the economy as presented in The Wealth of Nations.
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Adam Smith, The Enlightenment, and his Relevance for the 21st Century

70%
Bevan D., Werhane P. H.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2022
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issue 1
19-32
EN
In this article we reconsider strands of Adam Smith’s contribution to the project of the Enlightenment. Many of these, as we shall identify, remain poignant, and valuable observations for the twenty-first century. This sampled reconsideration touches both on (i) how Smith is identified, as well as occasionally misread, as an Enlightenment philosopher/economist; and (ii) the extent to which t/his enlightenment survives.
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Hume on Church Establishments, Secular Politics and History

70%
Szymkowiak A.
Diametros
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2017
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issue 54
95-117
EN
In the third volume of the History of England, David Hume considers the political ramifications of the Protestant reformation with a “Digression concerning the ecclesiastical state.” He advocates the establishment of a state church, believing it will dampen religious “enthusiasm” in the polity. Unlike later secularization theorists, Hume assumes an intractable basis for religion in the human passions. Tensions in Hume’s “cooptation” strategy are evident from Adam Smith’s famous attack upon it in section five of The Wealth of Nations, and in Hume’s own treatment of seventeenth century independency in the fifth volume of the History. Smith argues that public competition among sects facilitates political moderation. In History V Hume stresses the positive role of enthusiasm in fostering civil liberty. This article traces Hume’s indecision to his “external” mode of moral and historical analysis, arguing that a secular policy on religion cannot proceed fruitfully without engaging the theological particulars of the religions at issue.
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Toland and Adam Smith’s Posthumous Work

70%
Schliesser E.
Diametros
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2014
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issue 40
115-125
EN
In this paper I offer a speculative answer to the question why Adam Smith, who burned nearly all of his papers, arranged for posthumous publication for a number of his essays. I rely on a number of hints in those essays and put them in the context of eighteenth century natural philosophy. I argue that those hints trace back to John Toland and Spinozism.
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Adam Smith and the Austrian School of Economics: The Problem of Diamonds and Water

70%
Poier S.
Zeszyty Studenckie Wydziału Ekonomicznego „Nasze Studia”
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2019
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issue 9
162-173
EN
Everyday consumers have to face the question if the value of a good is really worth its price. When in 2017 Leonardo da Vinci's painting "Salvator Mundi" was auctioned off for over $450 million, it nearly could have compensated for the state deficit of Lithuania. Is there a rational justification? In economic history we have an interplay of competing theories – often with contemporary trends as a counter-movement to established theories. While Adam Smith was not able to solve the value paradox, his – especially Austrian – successors developed theories of marginal utility and put the individual back in focus.
PL
Konsumenci zadają sobie często pytanie, czy wartość danego dobra rzeczywiście odpowiada jego cenie. Kiedy w 2017 r. obraz Leonarda da Vinci „Salvator Mundi” został sprzedany na aukcji za ponad $450 mln, kwotę tę porównano do wielkości deficytu budżetowego Litwy. Czy istnieje jakaś racjonalna metoda oceny wartości dóbr? W historii ekonomii występują konkurujące ze sobą teorie, podporządkowane aktualnym trendom jako przeciwwagą dla już znanych teorii. Podczas gdy Adam Smith nie był w stanie uzasadnić paradoksu wartości, jego – zwłaszcza austriaccy – następcy rozwinęli teorię użyteczności krańcowej i uzupełnili tę problematykę o własne odkrycia.
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Příběh Humova příběhu

70%
Janoušek H.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 2
183-197
EN
The text is an interpretation of, and a commentary on, Hume’s self-presentation given in his autobiography, My Own Life, which he wrote shortly before his death. In the first section, the discussion aims at pointing out a hidden biographical and contemporary background, including the events of Hume’s life suppressed from the autobiography (the unsuccessful attempts to gain a professorship, Hume’s dispute with Rousseau). Some reactions to Hume’s death are also discussed. In the final section, the self-image offered by Hume is discussed in relation to the interpretation of the standpoint and style in the work of man of letters in the 18th century as advanced by James Harris and Lorrain Daston. The result of this analysis is to show that the question of Hume’s vanity is to a large degree an artificial problem arising from a misunderstanding of the context to which Hume, as a man of letters, belonged.
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Adam Smith, Commercial Society and the Challenges of Republicanism

70%
Lis R.
Horyzonty Polityki
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 25
9-28
EN
Research objective: The aim of this article is to examine the challenges Adam Smith’s account of commercial society pose to republicanism. The research problem and methods:  Although I do not dispense with the conventional depiction of Smith as a critic of republics, it is shown that from a republican point of view there are certain aspects in his narrative that can be more interesting Conceptualized in this way, my argumentation is both interpretative and theoretical, describing what Smith had to say on republican issues as well as finding some elements in his considerations that could considerably enrich republican theory. To make these prospects more clearer I briefly refer to some parallels to Smith’s suggestions in the republican thought of the late 18th Century. The process of argumentation:  The article deals in the beginning with Smith’s criticism of republicanism, identifying its core in his general distance towards the ideals of a more ardent citizenry. In the main section it proceeds to the discussion of several elements in Smith’s considerations which could be of some value to republican theorists. Research results: According to Smith, due to their obsoleteness in the times of commercial society, which were characterised especially by the growing importance of private pursuits, republics become difficult to administer. However, one could still use some of his arguments (especially those that can be easily filtered from their doctrinal connotations) to the task of modernizing the republican tradition. Conclusions, innovations and recommendations:   Smith’s considerations could be valuable to all those republican theorists who continued in their efforts to modernize their conception of a republic. Seen in this way, they can be perceived as an interesting reference point in the area of republican theorizing.
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Adam Smith’s concept of value of labour. Anglo-American Perspective till mid-19th century.

70%
Modrzejewska M.
Horyzonty Polityki
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 25
65-82
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to investigate applicability of Adam Smith’s Labour Theory of Value (LTV) and present both: the development of Adam Smith’s LTV as well as the early Anglo-American respond to the thesis that labour is real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Paper analyses premises that led Adam Smith to formulate his thesis that the labour it the only common measure of all value; as well as the reasons for critiques and appraisals of Smith’s thesis. Using analytical methods, as Frederic Beiser defined it, paper will “identify the problem behind a passage, the question the author is attempting to answer, (…) reconstruct the arguments the author gives for its solution, i.e., formulate them into premises and conclusion [and] (…) appraise these arguments, determining their formal validity and the quality of the evidence for them.” THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After taking preliminary considerations on development of Smith’s theory the paper examines the earliest critique by the Anglo-American thinker Thomas Pownall. Finally, to investigate shortcomings of Pownall’s criticism, the paper explores various British and American attempts to implement LTV in utopian experiments and validate accuracy of Smith’s assumptions in practice. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of the study is to clarify the Smith’s LTV concept and present it in new light, without the Marxist distortion given to it by both: Karl Marx itself and Marxists supporters. CONCLUSSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This proves that no matter how disputable and undefined the LTV concept might be, and besides all imperfections of LTV theory emphasised by Pownall, under specific circumstances it might be implemented into practice. The paper focusses on pre-Ricardian economy and utopian social experiment and therefore it provides new context of analysis does not intend to present the Marxist variations on LTV.
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Growth and Well-Being, Economic and Human

70%
Stikkers K. W.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2017
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vol. 1
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issue 2
54–67
EN
Growth and Well-Being, Economic and Human
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Moralna ekonomia - homo oeconomicus jako istota pomagająca innym

70%
Ostapiuk A.
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
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2017
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issue 1 (13)
70-90
PL
Od rewolucji marginalistycznej ekonomia oddalała się od etyki. Skupienie się na działaniach człowieka, a nie jego motywacjach, spowodowało uproszczenie w postrzeganiu człowieka jako maksymalizatora użyteczności. W artykule pokazano problemy wynikające z przedstawienia ludzkiej natury jako walki altruizmu z egoizmem. Człowiek ma wzgląd na innych, ale jest wiele czynników powodujących, że im nie pomaga. Najlepiej widać to na przykładzie żyjących na świecie setek milionów głodujących. W artykule wykorzystano koncepcję efektywnego altruizmu, aby zaprezentować problemy dotyczące rozumu i emocji, które sprawiają, że nie pomagamy, mimo że chcemy to czynić. Wykorzystano przemyślenia Adama Smitha − filozofa moralnego, aby szerzej spojrzeć na ludzką naturę i pokazać, jak wiele w człowieku jest mechanizmów sprawiających, że bierze on pod uwagę innych, a robi to nie dla własnego zysku, lecz dlatego, że jest istotą moralną
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Adam Smith's conceptual contributions to international economics: Based on the Wealth of Nations

70%
Kucukaksoy I.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2011
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vol. 4
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issue 1
108-119
EN
The 1776 dated “Wealth of Nations” work of Adam Smith has formed economic dimension of the Industrial Revolution and also transformed economics into the identity of a social science. As if the wealth of nations, namely the welfare increase became the top goal two and a half centuries ago, it is the top goal today and in the future as well. So understanding Smith’s works well carries importance in fighting against poverty in the world. According to Smith, in the basis of the welfare increases (wealth of nations) are labor and cooperation. Tendency underlying cooperation is the tendency of swap. It is considered that understanding Smith’s works well will provide solution for poor countries and therefore contribute to poor population in the world to decrease. For solving poverty and problems concerning welfare (destitution, hunger, etc.), Smith’s works need more historic examination. In this study it was aimed to contribute to the given examination
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Lockdowns and their legitimacy in the context of Adam Smith’s economic philosophy and liberalism

70%
Żurawski P.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2020
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vol. 23
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issue 4
35-51
EN
Since the beginning of 2020, lockdowns have been introduced in numerous countries across the world in response to the emergence of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes the COVID-19 disease. Although the topic of lockdowns has been considered from numerous perspectives, it has not yet been analyzed in the context of Adam Smith’s economic philosophy and liberalism. This paper aims to list – at least to some extent, as the topic is very broad – the most prominent arguments that have arisen in the worldwide discussion on the effectiveness and side effects of lockdowns. In addition, the work provides some elements of Smith’s economic philosophy and liberalism. Finally, the arguments that have arisen in the academic discussion since the introduction of lockdowns are analyzed, and the legitimacy of lockdowns is assessed in the context of Smith’s principles. The methods used for the analysis are text exegesis and rational reconstruction. As far as the conclusions are concerned, an explicit assessment of the legitimacy of lockdowns in the discussed context is considered impossible, although for many elements of Smith’s liberalism, lockdowns are not legitimate at all.
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Adam Smith a znaczenie uczuć moralnych dla polityki i nauk o gospodarce

61%
Szulczewski G.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2014
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vol. 1
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issue 4(4)
143-155
EN
The ethical analysis of The Theory of Moral Sentiments as well as 'n Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations presents A. Smith's (1723-1790) works in a completely new light than it is conventionally presented in the neoliberal interpretation. One of the most important issues appears to be the classification of moral sentiments. He divides them into social, neutral, and antisocial. The neutral sentiment - the so-called 'self love' forms the basis of acting in the best interests of oneself and as such it constitutes the foundations of the development of entrepreneurship. This can be transferred into an antisocial sentiment, i.e. selfishness. In such a case it has a devastating influence on economic activity, social life as well as public life. For this reason A. Smith shows the importance of the social emotion of sympathy understood as empathy and the acceptance of the behaviours that are acknowledged as proper. As the findings of his analysis clearly show, selfishness was the characteristic trait of the businessmen at that time, i.e. merchants and the owners of manufacturing plants. With reference to the works of A. Smith we should therefore identify and then describe all the psychological as well as economic mechanisms that in effect postpone or minimise the chances of the transformation of self love into selfishness, i.e. the activities based on rational economic grounds into the ones that are driven by mere greed. The interpretation of the issue presented in the article questions the conventional neoliberal interpretation. The latter reiterates that in the works of A. Smith the most important ones are the sentences taken out of the context that define the state as a night watchman and the market that is controlled by the invisible hand. The ethical analysis holds that in the opinion of A. Smith alone, one of the most fundamental problems of capitalism lies in the fact that self love should be realised within the boundaries set by the community. The Theory of Moral Sentiments is so vital then, in which he analysed sympathy, social sentiment, and selfishness, i.e. an antisocial emotion, along with 'n Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, in which he addressed the issue of collective selfishness.
PL
Analiza etyczna Teorii uczuć moralnych oraz Badań nad naturą i przyczynami bogactwa narodów ukazuje twórczość A. Smitha (1723-1790) w zupełnie innym świetle niż jest to przyjęte w neoliberalnej interpretacji. Jednym z najważniejszych wątków staje się klasyfikacja uczuć moralnych. Dzieli je na uczucia społeczne, neutralne i aspołeczne. Uczucie neutralne - miłość samego siebie (selflove) jest podstawą działania ze względu na własny interes i tym samym stanowi podstawę rozwoju przedsiębiorczości. Może ono przerodzić się w uczucie aspołeczne: samolubstwo (selfishness). Wówczas ma ono niszczący wpływ na działalność gospodarczą, życie społeczne i państwowe. Dlatego A. Smith ukazuje znaczenie społecznego uczucia sympatii, jako współodczuwania i akceptacji zachowań uznanych za właściwe. Jak wynika z jego analiz, samolubstwo cechowało stosunkowo często ówczesnych biznesmenów, czyli kupców i właścicieli manufaktur. Odwołując się do twórczości A. Smitha, powinniśmy poszukiwać, a następnie opisywać te wszystkie mechanizmy psychologiczne i gospodarcze, które w ostateczności oddalają lub minimalizują możliwość przerodzenia się miłości własnej w samolubstwo, czyli działań opartych na racjonalnych motywach ekonomicznych w działania podyktowane jedynie czystą chciwością. Interpretacja zawarta w artykule przeciwstawia się interpretacji neoliberalnej. Ta ostatnia z uporem podkreśla, że najważniejsze u A. Smitha są wyrwane z kontekstu zdania o państwie jako stróżu nocnym i rynku, którym kieruje niewidzialna ręka. Analiza etyczna podkreśla, że według samego A. Smitha jeden z podstawowych problemów kapitalizmu polega na tym, by miłość własna realizowała się w wyznaczonych przez wspólnotę granicach. Dlatego tak ważna jest Teoria uczuć moralnych, w której analizował on sympatię, uczucie społeczne i samolubstwo, uczucie niespołeczne oraz Badania nad naturą i przyczynami bogactwa narodów, w którym to dziele wskazywał na problem kolektywnego samolubstwa.
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