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Polscy obywatele w Kraju Ałtajskim: od deportacji do układu Sikorski-Majski (w świetle materiałów NKWD)

100%
Kaniewska A.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2016
|
vol. 2
53-69
EN
After the Soviet invasion of Poland in the 1940s about 25,000 Polish citizens were exiled to Altai Krai in Western Siberia. The analysis of the deportation period and the conditions of life of the exiled in Siberia, from 1940 to the establishment of the Polish government structures in London and an Embassy in Kuybyshev, shows that the conception of mass deportation to Siberia was a very scrupulously prepared plan to exploit the cheap workforce. The NKVD documents, reports and instructions confirm that people were living and working in unspeakably horrible conditions. The actions of the Soviet state authorities can be defined as “police and administrative” operation against nations, in that case the Polish nation. The situation changed slightly in 1941, after a Polish-Soviet agreement invali- dated the German-Russian treaty of 1939.
2
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When the state is shirking: Informal solutions for social services provision in Altai villages

75%
Kurakin A.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2015
|
vol. 2
145-159
EN
The article contributes to the discussion on the informal economic activity in postsocialist countries. Quite often this activity is related to state regulation. We provide evidence from rural Russia suggesting that state shirking also can give rise to informal economic relations. Empirical data from Altai Krai show that informal transfers from farms to rural municipalities are used to provide rural social sector. Despite the collapse of socialist agricultural system, when rural communities existed under patronage of collective farms, substantial part of the privately owned post-Soviet farms still donate to rural municipalities and population. The article is based on the fieldwork conducted in Altai Krai in 2013 when qualitative data (informal interviews, group discussions, observations) were collected by the author and his colleagues. Gift-giving relations between agricultural producers and municipalities could be described as “natural” bottom-up pattern. We perceive these Soviet-style giftgiving relations as the way to mitigate the weaknesses both of the Russian state rural policy as well as market self-regulation mechanism. Despite it could slow down economic performance of farms, it is the way to prevent rural degradation and depopulation.
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