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CZY ISTNIAŁA INSTYTUCJA OPOZYCJI POLITYCZNEJ W DEMOKRACJI BEZPOŚREDNIEJ? (ANALIZA DEMOKRACJI ATEŃSKIEJ I REPUBLIKI RZYMSKIEJ)

100%
Nieć M.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
|
2016
|
issue 1(14)
38-46 (9)
EN
The article, based on works Ancient historian and Classicists, presents direct democracy in the Ancient World. The author is looking for an example institution of oppositions in con-temporary political system, especially the electoral system. In his opinion, the institution of oppositions was hidden within the electoral systems of Athens and Rome.
2
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Analysis, Typology, and Chronology of Stuccos in the Palace of Kuh-e Khvājeh

100%
VASEGH ABBASI Z., MEHRAFARIN R., MOSAVI HAJI S. R.
Historia i Świat
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2018
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issue 7
111-128
EN
Due to its strategic and unique location, Mount Oshida (Kuh-e Khvājeh) in the Sistān plain, has been alternatively used since a long time ago to this date. On the southern slope of this mountain, the ruins of a palace known as Qalʿa-ye Kāferān appear after the Muslims’ arrival and domination over the region. This castle was explored and excavated during the second and third decades of the twentieth century by scholars such as Stein and Herzfeld, and its decorations have been widely mentioned. However, its stuccos have not been analyzed in terms of their types, forms, and patterns up to this date. Hence, there are some disagreements about their construction date, as some scholars consider these architectural decorations to belong to the Parthian period while others connect them with the Sasanian period. In the present research, it has been attempted to study and evaluate the stuccos in the palace of Kuh-e Khvājeh in the framework of a typological comparison according to the archaeological evidence and historical documents, so that a clear understanding of the historical situation and construction date of these works can be obtained. The research method of the current study has been based upon documentary sources and archaeological evidence. Reviewing the previously performed studies and excavations, along with the comparison and typology of stuccos obtained from other sites, leads usto the conclusion that the stuccos found on this site belong to the Sasanian period in terms of shape, form and decoration.
3
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Раннесредневековая латная рукавица из Сочинского района Краснодарского края (предварительное сообщение)

88%
BARYSHEV A., RADJUSH O.
Historia i Świat
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2018
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issue 7
129-139
EN
This article assumes the introduction into scientific circulation of one of the rare items of the early medieval defensive weapons - a armoured glove. Details of the mitten and fibula are found in the Sochi district of the Krasnodar Region near the village of Lesnoye. Published items come from the amateur illegal excavations of the early 2000s, but are currently in the funds of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. In the note are drawings and photographs of things, as well as data of spectral analysis of the metal. Judging by the dating of the buckle from the destroyed complex, the findings should be attributed to the second half of the 6th century CE.
4
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Paper Armor, the Forgotten Defense

88%
RANDALL K. C.
Historia i Świat
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2018
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issue 7
157-173
EN
This paper investigates the history and construction of paper armor, tracing its roots from Tang dynasty China, across Asia and India and into Western Europe. Source material is examined in detail to provide clues as to paper's first use in armor, how its construction style evolved, its migration, and effectiveness against period weapons from its point of origin through nineteenth century. While paper armor was by no means invulnerable, provided an inexpensive defense against swords, arrows, spears and even muskets for over a thousandyears.
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