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Tabust saab kommunikatsioon: dopinguteemaline huumor kultuuride dialoogis

100%
Laineste L., Voolaid P.
Mäetagused
|
2020
|
vol. 77
31-60
EN
The Internet affects the adaption and translation of humour through faster dissemination, but also by influencing the content. This influence is especially palpable in languages that recycle – adapt and translate – texts from mostly English-language jokelore and meme pools. This article gives an overview of humorous memes created in response to taboo and concealment of two doping scandals (Lance Armstrong in 2012, and cross-country skiers in February 2019). The authors compare the two corpora from a global and local perspective in order to pinpoint repeating and diverging patterns and to understand the mechanisms of humour. The two cases serve as an example of the process of cultural translation and express the tension of the local and the global. The analysis is informed by Limor Shifman’s approach to memes and Sara Cannizzaro’s cultural-semiotic translation theory, which see cultural adaptation as a folkloric and creative process. The study addresses the following questions: Which topics repeat globally and which are local? Which global and local popular cultural narratives are used in constructing the memes? How well do memes “translate” from global to local contexts? What are the main reasons for untranslatability? What mechanisms are frequently used to deliver a humorous effect? The replies to these questions will help explicate meme adaptation as an important element in the process of cultural translation. Overall, the authors propose that meme mechanisms have an equal potential in different languages, regardless of the number of people who speak the language.
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Teoria praw przyrody Armstronga wobec problemów identyfikacji i inferencji

94%
Luc J.
Diametros
|
2018
|
issue 55
132-157
PL
Jedno ze współczesnych podejść do praw przyrody traktuje je jako relacje między uniwersaliami. Jego najbardziej rozwiniętą wersję przedstawił D.M. Armstrong. Celem tego artykułu jest rekonstrukcja i interpretacja jego koncepcji, ale też pokazanie, na czym polega wartość tej teorii, a jakie oczekiwania wobec niej są nieadekwatne. Punktem odniesienia są tu dwa znane zarzuty postawione teorii praw przyrody Armstronga, mianowicie problemy identyfikacji i inferencji. Teza artykułu głosi, że teoria Armstronga w ogólności, a jego odpowiedź na oba problemy w szczególności, opiera się na pewnych podstawowych zasadach metafizycznych: zasadzie tożsamości dla uniwersaliów, zasadzie niesprzeczności, relacyjnej zasadzie nieodróżnialności identycznych dla uniwersaliów oraz zasadzie przygodnej konieczności. Centralną częścią interpretacji jest pokazanie, jak przy użyciu tych zasad z odpowiednio rozumianych praw wynika z koniecznością zachodzenie pewnych stanów rzeczy.
EN
One of the modern approaches to the laws of nature regards them as relations between universals. The most advanced version of such an approach has been presented by D. M. Armstrong. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct and interpret Armstrong’s conception but also to evaluate his theory and to point out what expectations from it are inadequate. My point of reference are two objections to Armstrong’s ideas, namely the problems of identification and inference. I claim that Armstrong’s theory in general and his response to both problems in particular are based on some fundamental metaphysical principles, namely: the principle of identity for universals, the principle of non-contradiction, the relational principle of the indiscernibility of identicals and the principle of contingent necessity. The central part of my interpretation shows how from the laws of nature, properly understood, the occurrence of some states of affairs necessarily results provided that these principles are employed.
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