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Does Ordinary Morality Imply Atheism? A Reply to Maitzen

100%
Lovering R.
Forum Philosophicum
|
2011
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vol. 16
|
issue 2
83-98
EN
Stephen Maitzen has recently argued that ordinary morality implies atheism. In the following, I argue that the soundness of Maitzen's argument depends on a principle that is implausible, what I call the recipient's Benefit Principle: All else being equal, if an act a produces a net benefit for the individual on the receiving end of a, then one cannot have a moral obligation to prevent a. Specifically, the recipient's Benefit Principle (RBP) must be true if premise (2) of Maitzen's argument is to be true. But, RBP is likely false, as it generates counterintuitive implications as well as conflicts with another principle both plausible and seemingly adopted by most of us, what I call the Preventing Immorality Principle: All else being equal, if an act A is seriously immoral, then one has a moral obligation to prevent A.
2
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Jewish thinkers of the 20th century. In search of identity – Franz Kafka

75%
Urban M.
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 2
203-223
EN
Franz Kafka’s life and work have been the subject of many research papers. While the interpreters of his works knew that he was a Jew, they did not always fully realize the significance of this fact. Some would treat this issue as a marginal one, failing to see that it was the pivot of his existence and work. Kafka kept wandering about in search of his own identity. As a lost agnostic who “lapsed” from the hand of God, lived without Him in the darkness of atheism and tried to discern His light, Franz Kafka was not really dependent on any specific religious denomination. However, Judaism is so strongly related to the Mosaic revelation – like Christianity is related to Christ’s Revelation – that it cannot be here omitted or forgotten, as this would result in some misunderstandings. In a sense it is impossible to separate the fact of being Jewish from the religion. Kafka’s life, as well as his writing, resulted from his continual reference to the Absolute. There are two worlds far removed from each other: the world of spirit and the world of man. Kafka believed that there is a world of that which is spiritual, absolute, pure, true, unchanging and indestructible – the world devoid of sin, but full of perfection; therefore, there exists that which man tends to encapsulate in the concept of God.
3
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Paul Desalmand: L’athéisme expliqué aux croyants, Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort, 2007, ss. 307

75%
Sito E.
Studia Elbląskie
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2014
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vol. 15
453-456
4
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Jewish thinkers of the 20th century. In search of identity – Franz Kafka

75%
Urban M.
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
|
2021
|
vol. 11
|
issue 2
203-223
EN
Franz Kafka’s life and work have been the subject of many research papers. While the interpreters of his works knew that he was a Jew, they did not always fully realize the significance of this fact. Some would treat this issue as a marginal one, failing to see that it was the pivot of his existence and work. Kafka kept wandering about in search of his own identity. As a lost agnostic who “lapsed” from the hand of God, lived without Him in the darkness of atheism and tried to discern His light, Franz Kafka was not really dependent on any specific religious denomination. However, Judaism is so strongly related to the Mosaic revelation – like Christianity is related to Christ’s Revelation – that it cannot be here omitted or forgotten, as this would result in some misunderstandings. In a sense it is impossible to separate the fact of being Jewish from the religion. Kafka’s life, as well as his writing, resulted from his continual reference to the Absolute. There are two worlds far removed from each other: the world of spirit and the world of man. Kafka believed that there is a world of that which is spiritual, absolute, pure, true, unchanging and indestructible – the world devoid of sin, but full of perfection; therefore, there exists that which man tends to encapsulate in the concept of God.
5

The Liberal Arts, Antidote for Atheism

75%
Heck J. D.
Linguaculture
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2014
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vol. 2014
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issue 2
67-78
EN
C. S. Lewis once stated that the decline of classical learning was a contributory cause of atheism. This article explores why he made this very unusual statement, describing how Lewis saw the Classics as a literature full of gods and goddesses, providing hints of truth, giving us things to write about, and preparing for the Christian faith. Using some remarkable quotations from Virgil and Plato, Lewis demonstrated how those writers anticipated both the birth and the death of Christ. Lewis’s concept of myth, powerfully present in the Classics, shows how the Gospel story itself is a “true myth,” one with a pattern that is similar to many of the pagan myths. The personal story of Lewis himself demonstrates how the Classics, and, more broadly, the liberal arts were a testimony to the truth of God and how the Greek plays of Euripides, the philosophy of Samuel Alexander, the imagination of writer William Morris, the poetry of George Herbert, and the historical sensibility of G. K. Chesterton combined (with many other similar influences) to convince Lewis that the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ were especially a “true myth,” one that happened in history, demonstrating him to be the Son of God.
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François Noël, S.J. (1651−1729): Byli starověcí Číňané ateisté?

63%
Novotný D. D.
Studia theologica
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2014
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vol. 3
111-132
EN
The first deeper exchange between Western and Far Eastern religious and philosophical thought was due to the Jesuits. They arrived in China in the 16th century and began the impressive work of translation and dialogue. The Belgian Jesuit François Noël made an important contribution to this dialogue with his Philosophia sinica (1711). What is this book about? Apparently, its main purpose was to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the Chinese Confucian tradition, past and contemporary, although it can also to be read as the last major contribution to the rites controversy. In this paper I deal with the first part of the first treatise of Noël’s Philosophia which aimed to show that the Ancient Chinese tradition was theist and grasped numerous truths of natural theology.
7
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Concerning the Dialectical Criticism of Religion

63%
Krzos B.
Studia Sandomierskie. Teologia-Filozofia-Historia
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2019
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vol. 26
EN
A contemporary so-called „New Atheism” is one of the many ways the existence of God is denied. It is based on criticism directed against the followers of various religions. This criticism focuses on the object of religion to which the cult is directed. It is mainly about illuminating the natural or social foundation of religion. To annihilate religion, atheists postulate subjecting it to dialectical criticism developed by Karl Marx. This criticism of the concept of religion, although it will not make it disappear completely, will result in a post-religious synthesis which will appear in new forms of worship and spirituality.
PL
Współczesny ateizm nazywany „nowym” jest jedną z form negacji istnienia Boga. Polega on na krytyce kierowanej przeciwko wyznawcom różnych religii. Ta krytyka skupia się na przedmiocie religii, ku któremu skierowany jest kult. Polega ona w głównej mierze na tym, żeby naświetlić naturalny lub społeczny fundament religii. Aby doprowadzić do unicestwienia religii, ateiści postulują poddanie jej krytyce dialektycznej opracowanej przez Karola Marksa. Ta krytyka pojęcia religii, chociaż nie sprawi jej całkowitego zaniku, ale zaowocuje post-religijną syntezą w postaci nowych form kultu i duchowości.
8
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How Radical Was the Enlightenment? What Do We Mean by Radical?

51%
Jacob M. C.
Diametros
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2014
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issue 40
99-114
EN
The Radical Enlightenment has been much discussed and its original meaning somewhat distorted. In 1981 my concept of the storm that unleashed a new, transnational intellectual movement possessed a strong contextual and political element that I believed, and still believe, to be critically important. Idealist accounts of enlightened ideas that divorce them from politics leave out the lived quality of the new radicalism born in reaction to monarchical and clerical absolutism. Taking the religious impulse seriously and working to defang it of bellicosity would require years of labor. First all the world’s religions had to be surveyed, see Picart’s seven folio volumes; and Rousseau’s Savoyard vicar had to both preach and live religion simply as true virtue; and finally Jefferson editing the Bible so as to get the irrational parts simply removed, thus making people more fit to grant a complete religious toleration. Throughout the century all these approaches to revealed religion may be legitimately described as radical. Each produced a different recommendation for its replacement. As I have now come to see, the pantheism I identified in 1981 would lead in many directions, among them lay the search to understand all human religiosity and to articulate a universal natural religion.
9
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Physics – ‘Alienation from’ instead of ‘orientation towards’ the Creator?

51%
Larenz R.
Roczniki Teologii Moralnej
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2011
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vol. 3
5-37
EN
The religious attitude of many physicists is atheist or agnostic. In the present article, it is argued that this attitude is favoured by the present shape of the natural science called Physics. The first reason is that the modern concept of nature is alienated from that of creation. The second is that, according to the dominating view, nature is epistemologically silent about itself. Additionally, the view of the axiomatic and thence hypothetical-deductive character of modern Mathematics and the conjectural character of its applications to the material world make impossible an organic connection between mathematical objects and material things. There exists only a practical knowledge of the successful use of Mathematics in Physics. This peculiar epistemological climate in Physics has become more and more alienated from the intellectual climate generated by ordinary experience and its evidence, which in turn is confirmed by Christian revelation. It is this peculiar intellectual atmosphere in which a physicist carries out his professional actions. Their moral assessment is done with the help of two distinctions: the first between the views of Physics as providing a physicalist world-view or as a field of professional activity like others. The second distinction is between the two effects of a professional action of aphysicist: every such action tends to its immediate object, and every such action, by upkeeping the existing professional standards, contributes eo ipso to perpetuate the present intellectual climate in Physics. While such actions may be still morally acceptable, the situation is precarious. Therefore it is convenient to have Physics reformed from within. Such an internal reform should be experience-based and thus start from the very outset from the epistemological climate generated by ordinary experience, which is in harmony with the epistemological climate generated by Christian revelation. This reason on moral grounds is the third motive for attempting an internal reform of Physics. The first one concerns the removal of the ignorance about the link of mathematical objects to material things. It is simply due to the necessity of having a sound selfunderstanding of Physics. This in turn is closely related to the “apologetic” motive of removing the disharmony between the epistemological climates referred to above. − Surprisingly, some current views of the relationship between Theology and Physics (I. G. Barbour, M. Heller, Th. F. Torrance) do not envisage any need for an internal reform of Physics. Instead they promote an increased influence of Physics upon Theology.
PL
Postawa religijna wielu fizyków definiowana jest jako ateistyczna lub agnostyczna. Postawę tę wspiera, choć nie powoduje, ambiwalencja interpretacji teorii matematycznych w fizyce. Interpretacje te z kolei są konieczne ze względu na fakt, że nieznana jest relacja matematyki do rzeczy materialnych. Dlatego interpretacje te mogą być jedynie hipotetyczne i zależą od ich sukcesu: obecnie istnieje tylko praktyczna wiedza pomyślnego używania matematyki w fizyce. Razem z hipotetyczno-dedukcyjnym sposobem myślenia w matematyce definiuje to szczególny klimat epistemologiczny w fizyce. W tle funkcjonuje pojęcie natury odseparowanej kilka wieków temu od pojęcia stworzenia. Zarówno interpretacje, jak i pojęcie natury zachęcają do umysłowych deformacji doświadczanej rzeczywistości w celu zastosowania matematyki i tym sposobem kształtują klimat intelektualny w fizyce. Oczywiście staje się on coraz bardziej wyalienowany od klimatu intelektualnego generowanego przez zwykłe doświadczenie i jego dowód. Alienuje się eo ipso od klimatu intelektualnego w odniesieniu do widzialnego świata potwierdzonego i tworzonego przez chrześcijańskie Objawienie. Świat intelektualny oraz życie chrześcijanina, który jest fizykiem, ukazuje się w jego profesjonalnym otoczeniu czymś obcym. Ocena moralna profesjonalnych działań fizyka dokonuje się za pomocą dwóch rozróżnień: po pierwsze, czy rozumie on fizykę jako naukę dostarczającą fizykalnego punktu widzenia lub jako pole działania profesjonalnego, jak każde inne. Po drugie, dystynkcja między tymi dwoma skutkami profesjonalnego działania fizyka: każde takie działanie zmierza do swojego bezpośredniego przedmiotu i każde takie działanie przyczynia się eo ipso do utrzymania klimatu intelektualnego w fizyce. Działanie profesjonalne fizyka, które jest moralnie dobre, zgodnie ze swoim przedmiotem, intencją i okolicznościami jest moralnie dopuszczalne, jeśli dokonuje się w ramach profesjonalnego działania, w innym przypadku nie. Jest to sytuacja krytyczna. Wskazane jest zatem zbadanie, czy możliwe jest zreformowanie fizyki od środka. Wydaje się, że deformacje, o których mówimy, prowadzą prosto do punktu wyjścia takiej wewnętrznej reformy. Jednakże zakresu tego przedsięwzięcia nie da się jeszcze oszacować. Rzecz dziwna, obecne poglądy dotyczące relacji pomiędzy teologią i fizyką (I. G. Barbour, M. Heller, Th.F. Torrance) nie uwzględniają żadnej potrzeby reformy fizyki. Raczej zalecają bezkrytycznie zwiększony wpływ fizyki na teologię.
10

The Relationship Between Faith, Reason, and Science in the Transmission of the Faith in the Times of Growing Secularization

26%
Kaucha K.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 9: Teologia Fundamentalna i Religiologia
33-42
EN
This article touches mostly on two points: the relation­ship between faith, reason, and science (1) and John Paul II's explanation of the growth of secularization (2) as a very important context of the transmission of the Christian faith today. 1. Faith and reason need each other and support each other. Christian faith is not a natural product of human reason and always provokes reason to open itself and to see much more than reason alone can see. Genuine science is not in conflict with Catholic Christianity. Science, which came to exist thanks to Judeo-Christian Revelation, is a different order of knowledge that has its own built-in logic and dignity. Science wants to know better the material side of nature, while faith is a personal and active answer to God's Revelation which was fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Its credibi­lity has many reasons. Some of them are confirmed by scientists investigating nature but more of them are the subject of Fundamental Theology which is a successor of Apologe­tics. The Catholic Church owes very much to science and scientists and honors their genius. Good science makes many peoples' lives better: medical care, the production of more food, the confirmation of the authenticity of The Shroud of Turin, the confirmation of medical miracles are all products of good science. 2. John Paul II was aware of a phenomenon of growing secularization, especially in the western world. He knew that this phenomenon is explained by some people as proof of the fact that Christian faith is going to end. According to him, secularization seems to grow only in the western world and is a proof of its cultural and ethical crisis. This is the crisis of man, of vision, and the vocation of men. This culture needs repairs, needs a new spirit, a new certain hope to be able to survive. It might be given by the Christian faith which offers a full meaning of human life and answers all existential questions.
PL
Ten artykuł, mający na celu udzielenie syntetycznej odpowiedzi na postawiony problem, złożony jest głównie z dwóch części: relacji między wiarą, rozumem i nauką (1) oraz św. Jana Pawła II interpretacji zjawiska rosnącej sekularyzacji (2). Obydwa te zagadnienia są istotne dla przekazu wiary chrześcijańskiej w czasach współczesnych i ukazywania jej wiarygodności. Nierzadko bowiem chrześcijanie spotykają się ze stwierdzeniem, że od początku nowożytności rozum i nauka skutecz­nie zakwestionowały prawdziwość wiary dając początek nowej epoce, czego skutkiem jest rosnąca dziś sekularyzacja i zjawiska w rodzaju tzw. nowego ateizmu. 1. W świetle wypowiedzi Magisterium Kościoła oraz teologów wiara chrześcijań­ska i ro­zum nie tylko potrzebują się wzajemnie oraz wspomagają, lecz także od początku istnienia chrześcijaństwa były ze sobą ściśle związane. Wiara chrześcijańska nie jest wytworem ludzkie­go rozumu i zawsze prowokuje go do poznania rzeczywis­tości, do których sam nie jest w sta­nie dotrzeć. Właściwie rozumiana i uprawiana nauka (jako science, czyli nauki przyrodnicze) nie wcho­dzi w konflikt z chrześcijaństwem katolickim. Nauka, która notabene nie mogłaby powstać bez Objawienia judeochrześcijańskiego, jest innym od wiary ro­dzajem poznania, posiadającym uzasadnioną metodologię. Dąży do poznania material­nej, empirycznej strony rzeczywistości, podczas gdy wiara jest angażującą całą ludz­ką osobę odpowiedzią na Boże Objawienie, którego pełnia dokonała się w Jezusie Chrystusie. Wiarygodność tego Objawienia posiada liczne racje i argumenty. Na niektóre wskazują naukowcy badając przyrodę, lecz o liczniejszych traktuje teologia fundamentalna będąca sukcesorką apologetyki. Ogromny wkład w jej rozwój wniósł ks. prof. dr hab. Marian Rusecki (1942-2012) – współtwórca lubelskiej szkoły teologii fund­a­mentalnej. Kościół katolicki o nauce i naukowcach wypowiada się bardzo pozytywnie, do­strzegając ich geniusz. Nauka szanująca godność oraz dobro człowieka uczyniła i czyni bardzo wiele dla poprawy jakości ludzkiego życia; wystarczy pomyśleć o opiece medycznej i produkcji żywnoś­ci. Kościół wiele zawdzięcza też naukowcom biorącym udział w rozpoznawaniu cudów czy badaniach nad Całunem Turyńskim. 2. Bł. Jan Paweł II był świadomy wzrastającej obecnie sekularyzacji, zwłaszcza w świecie zachodnim, oraz tego, że ten fenomen jest przez niektórych interpretowany jako dowód na zanikanie chrześcijaństwa, jego „przeżycie się” czy wprost niewiary­godność. Według Papieża sekularyzacja jest znakiem kulturowego i moralnego kryzy­su cywilizacji zachodniej. Jest to kryzys antropologiczny, kryzys człowieka, jego rozumienia, pojmowania jego natury, egzysten­cji i powołania. Kultura dotknięta tym kryzysem potrzebuje odnowy i nowej nadziei, by w ogó­le przetrwała. Według Jana Pawła II źródłem odnowy może być wiara chrześcijańska, która oferuje pełną, obja­wioną wizję człowieka oraz odpowiada na wszystkie pytania i niepokoje egzystencjalne.
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