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Wieki Stare i Nowe
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2015
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vol. 8
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issue 13
46-68
EN
In the first years of August III reign at the royal -electoral court a practice of celebrating not only the anniversaries of the ascension to the throne but also the birthdays and the name days of the king and the members of his family was formalised. Moreover, a public character was conferred to these celebrations. This served to create an appropriate image of the monarch among his subjects and as far as this aspect is concerned, the Wettins did not differ from other European rulers. The peculiar situation which arose in the Republic during August III’s reign consisted in the popularisation of the practice of celebrating the anniversaries of the election, coronation, birthday and name day of the king in such a way that they began to be celebrated as almost state ceremonies. The organisation of the festivities which were associated with these anniversaries ceased to be initiated exclusively by the royal court but they began to be organised also by ministers, senators and the people who managed the work of the judicial institutions whose officials convened every few months. Moreover, the custom of celebrating the name days and the birthdays in a sumptuous and even public manner became popular at the courts of magnates, whose rhythm of life began to be regulated also by celebrations of this sort. Therefore it is hardly surprising that also during Stanisław August’s reign the anniversaries of the coronation, birthday or name day celebrations continued to maintain the status of almost state festivities, celebrated not only in Warsaw but also in all the major state cities and the places were military units were garrisoned. The celebrations of the name day of the monarch assumed special significance because they fell on the day of the commemoration of St. Stanislaus, the patron of the Polish people as well as on the day of the Medal of St. Stanislaus which was established on 7 May 1765. The obligatory elements of the celebrations included votive masses, sumptuous dinners or suppers, bell ringing, volleys performed by means of cannons and other types of weapons, illuminations of the cities and fireworks.
Muzyka
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 2
62-104
PL
Drezdeńska Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek (SLUB) przechowuje jedną z największych na świecie kolekcji twórczości religijnej i świeckiej włoskiego kompozytora Baldassara Galuppiego, zwanego „il Buranello”. Jego muzyka operowa cieszyła się wielką popularnością w połowie lat pięćdziesiątych XVIII w. u króla polskiego i elektora saskiego Augusta III oraz innych członków jego dworu. Imponująca kolekcja Galuppianów zawiera liczne kopie utworów liturgicznych pochodzących z pracowni weneckiego księdza i notorycznego fałszerza Iseppa (Giuseppe) Baldana. Niedawno kilka kompozycji błędnie przypisanych Galuppiemu przez Baldana okazało się dziełami Antonia Vivaldiego, do których zalicza się mistrzowskie opracowanie Dixit Dominus (RV 807). W artykule wykazano, że rękopisy Galuppiego–Baldana zostały wysłane w kilku partiach z Wenecji do Warszawy (a nie – jak dotąd myślano – do Drezna) w czasie wojny siedmioletniej (1756–63), kiedy August III rezydował w polskiej stolicy. Pierwszy saski minister hrabia Heinrich von Brühl i jego uzdolniona muzycznie córka Maria Amalia również przebywali w tym czasie w Warszawie, podobnie jak sekretarz Brühla i dyrektor muzyczny Friedrich August von Koenig, który zorganizował dostawy od Galuppiego i Baldana. Fakt wysyłania podczas wojny również z Rzymu oper do Warszawy pokazuje, że w polskiej stolicy arystokracja była na bieżąco z najnowszą twórczością włoską. Relacje z warszawskich wykonań muzyki Galuppiego pojawiają się w oficjalnych dokumentach i listach Friedricha Augusta de Rossi, sekretarza do spraw włoskich na dworze polsko-saskim. Zawierają one opis serenaty wykonanej na 57. urodziny Brühla w sierpniu 1757 r.; w artykule omówiono dowody, które wyraźnie sugerują, że serenata ta, zwana Endimione, została specjalnie skomponowana przez Galuppiego na tę okazję. Przedstawiono też szczegóły dotyczące rękopisów muzycznych wysłanych z Warszawy do Drezna w 1763 r., katalog kolekcji, a także opis nieznanej wcześniej wizyty Galuppiego w stolicy Saksonii w 1765 roku.
EN
The Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), holds one of the world’s largest collections of sacred and secular works by the Italian composer Baldassarre Galuppi, “il Buranello”, whose operatic music was very popular in the mid-1750s with the Saxon elector and Polish king August III and other members of his court. This impressive collection of Galuppiana includes numerous copies of liturgical works from the copying house of the Venetian priest and notorius forger Iseppo (Giuseppe) Baldan. Recently, several compositions falsely attributed to Galuppi by Baldan have turned out to be the works of Antonio Vivaldi, including an excellent setting of Dixit Dominus (RV 807). This article demonstrates that the Galuppi-Baldan manuscripts were sent in several batches from Venice to Warsaw (and not Dresden, as originally thought) during the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), when August III resided in the Polish capital. The Saxon prime minister count Heinrich von Brühl and his musically gifted daughter Maria Amalia also stayed in Warsaw during this period, as did Brühl’s secretary and musical director Friedrich August von Koenig, who arranged for the purchases from Galuppi and Baldan. The fact that operas were also being sent from Rome to Warsaw during the war shows that the nobility in the Polish capital was up-to-date with all the latest Italian music. Reports of performances of Galuppi’s music in Warsaw is presented through official documents and letters written by Friedrich August de Rossi, secretary of Italian affairs at the Saxon-Polish court. This includes a description of a serenate performed at the fifty-seventh birthday of Brühl in August 1757, and evidence is provided which strongly suggests that the music, the so-called “Endimione” serenate, was specially composed by Galuppi for this occasion. Finally, details of the musical manuscripts being sent from Warsaw to Dresden in 1763 and the cataloguing of the collection is presented, in addition to an account of a previously unknown visit of Galuppi to the Saxon capital in 1765.
EN
Józef Andrzej Załuski, bishop of Kiev and the alleged author of Opisanie krótkie niektórych interessów wewnętrznych Najjaśniejszej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w roku 1762 (Brief description of some internal interests of the Eminent Polish Nobiliary Republic in 1762), tried to survey a series of opinions and reflections on the constitutional system of Poland at the decline of the reign of August III of Vettin dynasty and the beginning of reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski. The major element of Załuski’s analysis is his attitude toward liberum veto which was one of the most crucial elements of the Polish constitutional system. While perceiving the negative aspect of the abuse arising from the liberum veto, Załuski considered the latter to be the immanent part of the Polish constitution. He therefore regarded the liberum veto as something unavoidable and as something what produced a counterbalance vis-à-vis the voting by majority, the latter being applied in England, Sweden and Denmark. It is easy to observe that Załuski was a firm opponent of the majority vote system. What – in his opinion - was detrimental to the Polish Republic was the absence of the effective implementation of good laws. As a result he did not see any need for the introduction of new constitutional devices. The volume published by the bishop of Kiev assumed, to a large extent, also the shape of polemics conducted by him with Stanisław Konarski and with the treaty of the latter On the Effective Advice.
Muzyka
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2021
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vol. 66
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issue 3
57-91
EN
This article represents the first attempt in musicology to discuss the foundations of the musical patronage of Aleksander Józef Sułkowski (1695–1762). Sułkowski was a cabinet minister to King Augustus III until 1738, when he left the Dresden court to become lord of Rydzyna castle and owner of the town of Leszno and of a huge estate taken over from Stanisław Leszczyński; from 1752, he was also a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The article discusses the following topics: Sułkowski’s negative role in the process of engaging Giovanni Bindi (known as Porporino, a singer in the ensemble maintained by King Augustus II) for George Frideric Handel’s London orchestra in 1731; the work of the Dresden-based composer Tobias Butz, Sułkowski’s secretary when the latter was a minister in the Secret Cabinet of Saxony (1733–38); Sułkowski’s contribution to organising musical life at the Dresden and Warsaw courts; music in Sułkowski’s milieu after he left Dresden for Rydzyna. The author has also attempted to reconstruct the make-up of the music ensemble maintained by Sułkowski at Rydzyna Castle and the oboe ensembles that existed in army regiments commanded by Sułkowski in Saxony and Poland.
PL
Artykuł stanowi pierwszą w muzykologii próbę przedstawienia podstaw mecenatu muzycznego Aleksandra Józefa Sułkowskiego (1695-1762) – do roku 1738 ministra gabinetowego króla Augusta III, po roku 1738, po opuszczeniu dworu drezdeńskiego w roku 1738 – pana na zamku w Rydzynie, właściciela Leszna i ogromnego majątku przejętego po Stanisławie Leszczyńskim, od roku 1752 – księcia Świętego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego. W artykule podjęto następujące wątki: negatywny udział Sułkowskiego w procesie angażu śpiewaka kapeli króla Augusta II Giovanniego Bindiego (zwanego Porporinem) do londyńskiego zespołu Georga Friedricha Händla w roku 1731, działalność drezdeńskiego kompozytora Tobiasa Butza jako sekretarza Sułkowskiego w latach jego aktywności w roli ministra saskiego Tajnego Gabinetu (1733-1738), udział Sułkowskiego w organizacji życia muzycznego dworu w Dreźnie i w Warszawie, muzyka wokół Sułkowskiego po jego wyjeździe z Drezna do Rydzyny. Podjęta też została próba rekonstrukcji składu osobowego zespołu muzycznego utrzymywanego przez Sułkowskiego na zamku rydzyńskim oraz składu zespołów oboistów w regimentach wojskowych dowodzonych przez Sułkowskiego w Saksonii i w Polsce.
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