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Australian Multiculturalism

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EN
Australian multiculturalism - a policy strategy aimed at facilitating effective social integration of non-British immigrants and managing cultural diversity - was devised in the 1950s and 60s, and adopted as government policy in the 1970s. As a number of recent publications in the European and Australian media suggest, this form of multiculturalism has been misunderstood and confused with ethnic pluralism and assimilationist, ‘melting pot’ approaches. These confusions seem particularly widespread in Europe. This is hardly surprising considering the scarcity of public clarifications of what multiculturalism is, the strong political backlash against uncontrolled migrations, and the paucity of informed debate about long term strategies of migrant settlement and adaptation. The paper outlines the principles of Australian multiculturalism, identifies its theoretical foundations, and highlights some of the widespread confusions about its meaning, focus and objectives.
PL
Australijska wielokulturowość – strategia polityczna mająca na celu ułatwienie integracji imigrantów o korzeniach innych niż brytyjskie i zarządzanie różnorodnością kulturową – została wypracowana w latach 50. i 60. minionego wieku i przyjęta, w latach 70., jako element oficjalnej polityki rządowej. Jak pokazują liczne przykłady z europejskich i australijskich mediów, ta forma wielokulturowości była i jest wielokrotnie mylona z koncepcjami opartymi na ideach kulturowego tygla, asymilacji i pluralizmu etnicznego. Te mylne wyobrażenia wydają się szczególnie rozpowszechnione w Europie. Nic dziwnego, skoro tak mało jest w sferze publicznej działań mających na celu wyjaśnienie zjawiska wielokulturowości czy rzetelnych debat dotyczących mechanizmów osiedlania się imigrantów i ich adaptacji, a tak wiele przejawów ostrego sprzeciwu wobec niekontrolowanych migracji. W artykule przedstawione zostały teoretyczne założenia i główne cechy australijskiej wielokulturowości oraz najczęstsze błędy w rozumieniu jej znaczenia i roli.
Porównania
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2023
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vol. 33
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issue 1
351-364
PL
Australijska Rada Dziecięcej Książki przyznaje wyróżnienia młodym czytelnikom od 1946 roku. W kolejnych latach, respektując częściowo zmiany w czytelnictwie i koncepcjach dzieciństwa oraz uznając nowszą, zdefiniowaną kategorię „nastoletnich”, zasady nagradzania uległy poszerzeniu. Jednak przed wprowadzeniem kategorii starszych czytelników w 1982 roku istniało wiele uhonorowanych książek, które równie dobrze mogły pasować do tej kategorii. Niniejszy artykuł, analizując książki dla starszych czytelników opublikowane w latach 1972–2022, porównuje postawy Australijczyków wobec „dzieciństwa”. Akcentuje, że często czytane przez młodych ludzi materiały odzwierciedlają postawy społeczne, jak i je wzmacniają. Jakie dzieciństwo/młodzież jest przedstawiane, waloryzowane lub krytykowane w tych książkach i czy te aspekty uległy zmianie?
EN
The Children’s Book Council of Australia has been providing awards for young readers since 1946. Over the intervening years categories have been enlarged, acknowledging in part changes in readership and changes in conceptions of childhood and recognising a newer, defined category of ‘teenage’. However, prior to the introduction of the Older Readers category in 1982, there were a number of award-winning books which might well have fitted into that category. This paper will examine books for Older Readers 1972–2022 as a way of comparing Australian attitudes to ‘childhood’ across those decades, recognising that the material young people read often both reflects societal attitudes and reinforces them. What sort of childhood/teenagehood is portrayed, valorised or criticised in these books and have these aspects changed?
EN
This is a presentation of the prose poetry of Ania Walwicz, one of Australia’s best-known experimental writers and performers but unknown in Poland. Her two pieces: Australia and Poland are given special attention to show some of the fun damental features of her poems, i.e. loss of identity and transgressive forms of her lang uage. A short recollection of the author’s encounter with the poet in 2012 is included as well.
EN
When we consider Aboriginal culture, it is impossible to show just one general characteristic principle, which will characterise the whole indigenous people of Australia. It is a vast continent, so members of different tribes have developed their own customs, traditions and ways of perception of spirituality and reality. But still we can find some features which are the base of tribes’ life, and which determine the style of their life from hundreds or maybe even thousands of years.
EN
Aboriginal Australians last in the age of perdition. There has been 224 years since the day that Captain Arthur Phillip came to Australia with British convicts. Since then almost every day Aboriginal ‘collide with civilization’ and fight for surviving. All rules of tribal life had to be replaced by new ones. They had to wear clothes, live in houses of bricks, and work. All of this was completely different from the previous life. ‘White civilization’ that has brought the development into the Antipodes has also brought reasons of perdition. Among those: illnesses, which decimate Aboriginal clans, and alcohol, which destroys all residues of ancient Stone Age culture and causes many social problems. For several dozen years, Australian government has been trying to make up for Aboriginal wrong, but programs for improvement of their situation do not work. ‘Civilization’, in social evolutionists’ opinion, should be the highest level of people’s culture, for Aboriginal though it is some kind of abyss in which they cannot or they do not want to find a proper place for themselves.
EN
Australia is a country built on immigration and one which is highly urbanised. The authorities have recently embarked on a policy of regional dispersal of immigrants with a view of retaining them in regions long-term so as to assist the regional demographic and economic growth. This article reviews the collaboration of the Federal, State/Territory and Local Governments in this and related policies of settlement and integration of immigrants in regions. It then evaluates the effects of this collaboration, highlights key retention factors and points to reasons behind current knowledge gaps. It offers recommendations for an enhanced retention.
PL
Australia jest krajem imigracji i krajem wysoko zurbanizowanym. W ostatnich latach władze australijskie wprowadziły politykę zachęcającą imigrantów do osiedlania się w regionach (poza wielkimi miastami), licząc że uda się ich tam zatrzymać na dłuższy okres, co w konsekwencji ma wesprzeć wzrost liczby ludności i rozwój ekonomiczny tych terenów. Artykuł omawia współpracę wszystkich szczebli administracji w dziedzinie tej polityki i w zakresie powiązanych polityk osiedlenia i integracji. Ocenia on następnie wyniki tej współpracy, zwraca uwagę na główne czynniki sprzyjające długoterminowemu osiedlaniu się imigrantów w regionach i wskazuje na przyczyny luk w wiedzy o efektach tej współpracy. Artykuł zamykają propozycje w jaki sposób poprawić dotychczasowe wyniki osadnictwa imigrantów w regionach.
EN
Migration always involves loss, which inspires potential writers and is itself often the focus of migrants’ narratives. Seen through this monodimensional attachment to things left behind and hence not particularly valued, written and unwri tten stories of migrants’ experiences are themselves prone to disappear, together with the memory of their authors. This paper exam-ines the work of a biographer and poet, Bogumiła Żongołłowicz, commited to recovering and preserving achievements of Polish post-war migrants in Australia, reclaiming forgotten or unappreciated literary works for future readers, and celebrating life and memory of those who would otherwise perish as well.
EN
This article aims at considering the question whether various migration theories, especially in the fields of demography and sociology, could be useful in the analysis of migration from Poland to Australia in the 1980s. The author is not able to propose definitive answers, however he suggests that the division between political and economic migration, commonly used by researchers, does not provide an effective instrument for describing this specific social group. The article shows that the majority of Poles who did have an official refugee status did not in fact fit well into the definition of a refugee. Meanwhile, among the migrants who did not obtain the refugee status, one could find many active members of the Solidarity movement and also people persecuted by the Polish authorities. Within the research on migration motives, migration transfer, adaptation processes and, to some extent, political activity of Polish migrants in Australia, the author found the following models most useful and applicable: various social network theories, Oded Stark's relative deprivation model, the model of decision-making process developed by Gerald Haberkorn or the concept of Oddyssean and Rubicon refugees by Danièle Joly. None of these theories can provide a universal tool which could allow the researcher to cover all methodological problems related to the subject of Polish migration to Australia between 1980 and 1989 – especially in the area of understanding migrants’ public activity in the new country.
EN
Australian economy is considered to be one of the most stable and competitive ones in the world. The country is a trading partner for more than 200 countries, with a 20% share of export in GDP. The economy is mainly based on services which constitute approx. 75% of GDP [1]. According to the UN Human Development Index, Australia is the second country in the world, after Norway, as far as quality and average length of life, health service and freedom of economic activities are concerned. The society’s wealth constitutes one of the key factors that influence the number of cars as per person. The number of cars, which prevail among the passenger means of transport, and their harmful influence on the environment forced the government to focus on limiting the number of private cars by means of, among others, the concept of constructing high-speed rail.
EN
This article analyses the forgotten novel of Wojciech Gutkowski (1775–1826) Podróż do Kalopei [Trip to Kalopea], which was published in 1817. The story takes place in Australia, in a small country founded by the Polish king Bolesław II the Bold. Gutkowski describes the history of the Kalop nation (the name Kalop is an anagram of Polak), its social and political system where everyone is equal and the term private property does not exist. Despite the Polish background presented in the novel, the unique vision of the nation seems to express a universal message which is valid for all the countries. That is the reason why Gutkowski’s work is considered to be one of the most important pieces of classical utopian literature.
Forum Pedagogiczne
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2019
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vol. 9
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issue 2/1
207-221
PL
W artykule została omówiona problematyka edukacji globalnej w Australii. Została ona scharakteryzowana z uwzględnieniem celu i miejsca w australijskim programie edukacji. Charakterystyka edukacji globalnej w Australii została przygotowana w oparciu o założenia, które są uwzględnione australijskim programie edukacji, Deklaracji Melbournskiej oraz w międzyprzedmiotowych celach edukacyjnych. Ponadto zaprezentowano wybrane działania edukacyjne realizowane w szkołach australijskich, spełniające założenia edukacji globalnej.
EN
The office of Governor is the oldest constitutional office in Australia. Each of the six states was founded as a British colony, and a Governor was appointed by the British government to exercise executive authority over the colony, to represent the monarch who was permanently based in London and to perform the same constitutional and representational functions at state level, which the Governor General perform at the federal level. Current position of state governor in the Australian political system is the result of the transformation of the office, taking place from the eighteenth century, when the governors led newly emerging British colonies, as well as political and social changes in Australia and in the British Empire. The article presents the history of that office, requirements for officials and a range of their privileges and powers. The evolution of this position will be undoubtedly associated with the result of discussion on a key constitutional change, which is currently pending between the two environments: Australians for a Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Republican Movement
EN
Relations between Australia and the United States have developed for long time notably during World War II. Over the following decades, cooperation has become more intense as Australians adopt many cultural patterns from the Americans. Australia declared and supported US presidents in military operations, which is why some have called Australia, America’s sheriff for working to stabilize this part of the world. One cannot overlook the personal arrangements between leaders that help shape the dynamic of deepening the mutual relations these two nations. Donald Trump’s personal interactions’ with the Prime Ministers of Australia play a significant role in this regard.
EN
The global temperature trends provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology are artificially exaggerated due to subjective and unidirectional adjustments of recorded values. The present paper aims to promote the use of the raw stations’ data corrected only for urban heat island formation. The longer temperature records of Australia exhibit significant oscillations with a strong quasi-60 years’ signature of downward phases 1880 to 1910, 1940 to 1970 and 2000 to present, and upwards phases 1910 to 1940 and 1970 to 2000. A longer oscillation with downward phase until 1910 and an upwards phase afterwards is also detected. The warming since 1910 occurred at a nearly constant rate. Over the full length of the long Australian records since the end of the 1800s, there is no sign of warming or increased occurrence of extreme events. The monthly highest and mean maximum temperatures do not exhibit any positive trend. The differences between monthly highest and lowest, or monthly mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures, are all reducing because of urban heat island formation.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse the way in which Seweryn Korzeliński and Bolesław Dolański describe the geographical location of Australia (the distance that separates it from Europe). In many reports from Australia and literary texts describing the continent, written either before or after Korzeliński’s and Dolański’s memoirs, the distance that separates Australia from Europe is considered the main characteristic feature that determines the way in which other Australian phenomena are regarded. The article discusses the interesting way in which the two authors present Australian geographical location and the purpose this literary interpretation serves in their memoirs.
16
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PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie czytelnikom tematyki związanej z funkcjonowaniem banków w Australii i Nowej Zelandii. Australijski sektor finansowy jest zdominowany przez cztery główne banki Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank i Westpac Banking Corporation. Spośród 58 działających na terenie Australii banków, banki z „wielkiej czwórki” mają największy udział w rynku finansowym. Banki te odgrywają również istotną rolę w systemie bankowym w Nowej Zelandii. Żadne inne państwo nie wykazuje tak wysokiej koncentracji banków wynikającej z przynależności narodowościowej. Banki te posiadają ponad 85% aktywów w stosunku do wszystkich aktywów znajdujących się w nowozelandzkim systemie bankowym. W Nowej Zelandii prawie wszystkie banki należą do zagranicznych właścicieli. W roku 2011 jest zarejestrowanych dziewiętnaście banków, z czego tylko 3 należą do nowozelandzkich inwestorów.
EN
The aim of the article is to present a subject concerning the functioning of the banks in Australia and New Zealand. Australian financial sector is dominated by four major banks: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank and Westpac Banking Corporation. From among 58 operating banks in Australia, banks of the "big four" have the largest market share. These Australian banks also play an important role in the New Zealand banking system. No other country has shown such a high bank concentration arising from nationality. These banks have more than 85% of assets compared to all assets located in the New Zealand banking system. In New Zealand, almost all banks belong to foreign owners. Nineteen banks are registered in 2011. Only three of them belong to New Zealand investors.
EN
This article focuses on issues related to the current legal situation of historic machinery and vehicles in Australia as well as the competencies, skills and commitment of persons (both professionals and amateurs, or volunteers) dealing with their protection. Australia’s listed industrial heritage is generally limited to industrial buildings, as most often production equipment has been scrapped or relocated. The author discusses the need for legislative reform to enable the listing and protection of historic machines in a similar way to the listing and protection of historic buildings, based on an assessment of their value and relationships with local communities. He also discusses the need for volunteer organizations dealing with big stuff to re-examine what they need to do to attract professionals (diversified in terms of profession, age, interests, etc.) and work with protection funding bodies to create funding structures that support multi-year industrial heritage preservation projects.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z aktualną sytuacją prawną zabytkowych maszyn w Australii oraz kompetencjami, umiejętnościami i zaangażowaniem osób (zarówno profesjonalistów, jak i amatorów, wolontariuszy) zajmujących się ich ochroną. Przemysłowe dziedzictwo Australii to na ogół obiekty budowlane pozostałe po przemyśle; wyposażenie produkcyjne najczęściej zezłomowano lub wywieziono. Autor omawia potrzebę reformy legislacyjnej, aby umożliwić spisanie i ochronę zabytkowych maszyn w sposób podobny do spisania i ochrony zabytkowych budynków, w oparciu o ocenę ich wartości i relacje z lokalnymi społecznościami. Omawia także konieczność ponownego przeanalizowania przez organizacje wolontariuszy zajmujące się dużymi maszynami (big stuff) tego, co muszą one zrobić, aby pozyskiwać fachowców (zróżnicowanych pod względem zawodu, wieku, zainteresowań itd.) i współpracować z organami finansującymi ochronę w celu stworzenia zasad, które wzmocnią projekty zachowania dziedzictwa postindustrialnego.
PL
This is the second of two articles that argue a case for a ‘big picture’ re-orientation of Australian Catholic school K-12 religion curricula. The first article1 considered that there has been such a great change in the landscape of contemporary spirituality that the traditional framework of religious meanings within which Catholic school religion curricula are written is out of synch with the meanings that inform contemporary spiritualities. A proposed responsive change in orientation suggests that more prominence needs to be given to the critical interpretation and evaluation of cultural meanings, while not neglecting the more traditional aim of giving young Catholics meaningful access to their religious heritage. The apparently different estimates of spirituality for children and ado-lescents also need to be taken into account. If many of the pupils in Catholic schools will never become actively involved in parishes when they grow up, then religious education needs to offer more than familiarising them with Catholic theology and religious prac-tice; it also needs to equip them with skills to address the spiritual and moral issues they will encounter in life. Attention is given to what this entails in both content and pedagogy, at primary and secondary levels.
EN
The subject of the analysis are the strategic conditions of Australian-Chinese economic relations in the second decade of the 21st century. The aim of the article is to present and evaluate these relations in the perspective of Australia's strategic priorities in the field of security and development. The article discusses the Australian-Chinese trade cooperation, the attitude of the Australian government towards the key international projects of President Xi Jinping, the direct investments of Chinese enterprises in Australia and other aspects of economic cooperation between states. These issues are analyzed in the context of economic security of Australia. The main thesis of the article is the statement that in the second decade of the XXI century, China is the main economic partner for Australia and in subsequent years, this situation should not change. Australian-Chinese economic relations are developing dynamically despite the increasing concerns of the Australian government and society about the sincerity of intentions in the policy of growing in strength Middle Kingdom. Canberra strengthens its economic cooperation with China despite rising tensions between Beijing and Washington, which is its ally. Australia wants to ease tensions in the Asia-Pacific region, because the stability of the region is particularly important from the point of view of its long-term economic development. However, Australia should further develop economic cooperation also with other partners, so as not to become economically dependent on China, which policy is not fully transparent.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy są strategiczne uwarunkowania australijsko-chińskich stosunków gospodarczych w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena tych stosunków w perspektywie strategicznych priorytetów Australii w zakresie bezpieczeństwa i rozwoju. W artykule omówiono australijsko-chińską współpracę handlową, postawę rządu Australii wobec kluczowych międzynarodowych projektów prezydenta Xi Jinpinga, inwestycje bezpośrednie chińskich przedsiębiorstw w Australii oraz inne aspekty współpracy gospodarczej między państwami. Zagadnienia te analizowane są w kontekście bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego Australii. Główną tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku Chiny są dla Australii głównym partnerem gospodarczym i w kolejnych latach nie powinno dojść do zmiany tej sytuacji. Australijsko-chińskie stosunki gospodarcze dynamicznie się rozwijają mimo wzrastających obaw rządu i społeczeństwa Australii o szczerość intencji w polityce rosnącego w siłę Państwa Środka. Canberra zacieśnia współpracę gospodarczą z Chinami również mimo narastających napięć między Pekinem a Waszyngtonem, z którym związana jest sojuszem wojskowym. Australii zależy, aby zelżały napięcia w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku, ponieważ stabilność regionu jest szczególnie ważna z punktu widzenia jej długofalowego rozwoju gospodarczego. Australia powinna jednak w większym stopniu rozwijać współpracę gospodarczą również z innymi partnerami, aby nie uzależniać się ekonomicznie od Chin, których polityka nie jest w pełni transparentna.  
PL
W początkowym okresie rządów Xi Jinpinga współpraca chińsko-australijska układała się pomyślnie i przynosiła korzyści obu stronom. Nawiązanie „strategicznego partnerstwa” i zawarcie umowy o wolnym handlu umożliwiło wzmocnienie relacji. Państwa aktywnie współudziały także w sferach społecznej i kulturowej. Wzrost potęgi Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej zrodził nowe wyzwania. Rosnące wydatki na zbrojenia oraz modernizacja armii przyczyniły się do zwiększonej obecności militarnej ChRL i zaostrzenia sporów na Morzu Południowochińskim i Morzu Wschodniochińskim, pogłębiając napięcia w regionie. Rosnące wpływy Chin w Australii wzbudziły niepokój rządu, który zaczął podejmować działania umożliwiające ich ograniczenie. Pekin krytycznie odniósł się do australijskiej ustawy mającej na celu redukcję zagranicznych ingerencji. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza relacji chińsko-australijskich w latach 2013‒2018.
EN
In the early days of Xi Jinping's rule, Sino-Australian cooperation was successful and benefiting both sides. Establishing a “strategic partnership” and the conclusion of a free trade agreement made it possible to deepen the relationship. In addition to developing economic relations, states actively collaborated on the social and cultural levels. China's growing power has brought new challenges. The increase in spending on armaments and the modernization of the army contributed to the increased military presence of the PRC in the region and the exacerbation of disputes in the South China Sea and the East China Sea, raising tensions in the region. The growing influence of the People's Republic of China in Australia has caused concern for the government, which has started to limit it. Beijing has been critical of Australian law to reduce foreign interference. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Sino-Australian relations in 2013-2018.
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