The seizure of power by the National Socialists in Germany in 1933 and in 1938 in Austria severely limited free development of literature. In order to protect literary freedom and to express resentment against the policies of Hitler, many writers decided to emigrate. The purpose of the article is to present the emigration journey of Franz Theodor Csokor, the only Austrian writer who chose Poland for the country of his exile. In 1938 he left his homeland and returned after seven years of exile in 1945. His journey led through Poland, which he was forced to leave because of the war, Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Croatia, Curzola and Italy. The author presents the writer’s wartime experience that has been expressed in Csokor’s literary works. He briefly mentions works that were created during the expatriation. At the end the author makes a review of Csokor’s publications and his work.
In this article I try to answer the question, which attitude an Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard to Austria has had. Can we call him an Austrian or an anti-Austrian writer? My analysis is based on his famous compositions like: ,,Heldenplatz” , ,,Suterena: Wyzwolenie”, ,,Chłód. Izolacja“ and ,, Autobiografie”. It must be emphasized, that Bernhard`s attitude to Austria was very ambiguous and ambivalent. On the one hand he very often criticized Austria and A ustrian society. He charged this society with hypocrisy. He criticized an Austrian catholic church; he often compared Jesus Christ with Adolf Hitler. Bernhard attacked Austrian politicians too, he criticized their deceitfulness. On the other hand he loved Austria and he was emotionally attached with this country. In his works he often used different forms of expression like: excess, comparison, repetition, because he wanted to provoke, to expose Austrian shortcomings and to break taboos. He wanted to debunk an ideal image of this country. Concluded: we can`t unambiguously say, that Bernhard was an Austrian writer. He was an universal writer.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaki był stosunek pisarza Thomasa Bernharda do Austrii i czy można go uznać za pisarza austriackiego czy może antyaustriackiego.
Analizę oparto na dziełach ,,Plac Bohaterów”, ,,Suterena: Wyzwolenie”, ,,Chłód. Izolacja“ i ,, Autobiografie”. Wynika z tego stosunek pisarza do Austrii, który był dość niejednoznaczny i ambiwalentny. Z jednej strony Bernhard bardzo krytykował
Austrię i społeczeństwo austriackie, zarzucając mu m.in. zakłamanie. Krytyki nie uniknęły także takie austriackie instytucje jak: Kościół Katolicki, gdzie Bernhard Jezusa Chrystusa nierzadko porównywał do Hitlera. Pisarz atakował też polityków, zarzucając im hipokryzję. Paradoksalnie jednak z drugiej strony Bernhard kochał Austrię i był z nią emocjonalnie związany. W swoich dziełach używał ostrych środków wyrazu takich jak: przesada, porównanie, wyolbrzymianie, powtórzenia, po to by sprowokować, zdemaskować austriackie wady narodowe,
przełamać tabu i zdemitologizować obraz tego kraju. Mylą się jednak ci, którzy jednoznacznie chcieliby uznać Bernharda za pisarza narodowego. Bernhard nigdy bowiem nie należał do Austrii, jest on pisarzem ponadaustriackim, a zatem uniwersalnym.
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