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EN
This article sketches in the image of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the newspaper Sarajevski list, the official gazette of the Austro-Hungarian occupation government, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The study is temporally circumscribed to the period from the establishment of the above-named gazette to the founding of the newspaper Bošnjak, the first modern Muslim periodical in the country. Its analysis focuses on the quantity of reports on Muslims, the content, extent, and diction of official and non-official messages and, finally, also on the relevance of this reporting in relation to Muslim everyday life. The reports dedicated to the Islamic faithful are set into the broader context of building a state administrative apparatus which was governed by the Land Government in Sarajevo, and an ideological framework that was significantly influenced Benjámin Kállay, the Austro-Hungarian minister of finances and informal governor of Bosnia and Hercegovina at that time.
EN
The subject of the submitted paper is mapping of the gradual formation of the initial framework of the housing policy in Cisleithania, primarily focusing on the Czech lands. The author asks to what degree did the decision-making sphere managed to successfully face the issues that troubled the housing market by means of its housing policy. The government’s interest in resolving the situation on the housing market initially focused only on the general regulation of natural persons active on the residential property market, but the framework of the actual housing policy started to be formed a little too late, from the 1890s. However, the government’s attempt to stimulate residential construction proved to be insufficient, even though it must be acknowledged that in some areas of the empire the housing shortage was actually relieved. A fund was established by law in 1907 in support of construction of housing for government employees and a housing management fund was established in 1910. With the beginning of the First World War the government intervened in the housing market much more actively than before and imposed previously unparalleled restrictions on this market in Cisleithania and Transleithania. After the Habsburg Monarchy fell in the autumn of 1918, the legal-institutional framework of its housing policy was mostly assumed by the young Czechoslovak Republic.
EN
In this article we present diverse experiences of Polish mathematicians (in a broad sense) who during World War I fought for freedom of their homeland or conducted their research and teaching in difficult wartime circumstances. We discuss not only individual fates, but also organizational efforts of many kinds (teaching at the academic level outside traditional institutions, Polish scientific societies, publishing activities) in order to illustrate the formation of modern Polish mathematical community.In Part I we focus on mathematicians affiliated with the existing Polish institutions of higher education: Universities in Lwów in Kraków and the Polytechnical School in Lwów, within the Austro-Hungarian empire.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiamy różnorodne doświadczenia matematyków polskich (w szerokim sensie), którzy podczas I wojny światowej walczyli o wolność swej ojczyzny lub w trudnych warunkach wojennych zajmowali sie badaniami naukowymi i nauczaniem. Omawiamy nie tylko indywidualne koleje losów, lecz także różnego rodzaju przedsięwzięcia organizacyjne (nauczanie akademickie poza tradycyjnymi instytucjami, polskie towarzystwa naukowe, działalność wydawniczą), aby ukazać kształtowanie się nowoczesnego polskiego środowiska matematycznego.
EN
Alfred Redl was born in 1864 in Lemberg, Galicia, the Austrian Empire (now Lviv, Ukraine). He rose quickly within the officer ranks of the Austro-Hungarian k. u. k. (Imperial and Royal) Army. Redl attended the War School in Vienna, with extraordinary success. Having acquired Russian language skills and Russian military issues, Redl joined the Intelligence Bureau of the Austro- Hungarian General Staff. Redl became apparently a spy for Russia and he got plenty of money for his seeming betrayal; in any case he lived a life of luxury. With the help of a secret service covered operation he was caught in a trap and committed suicide in 1913 – without an interrogation or inquiry. This essay points out some oddity of that case and tries to give new clues to the master narrative. The essay underlines the hypothesis that he was an agent with a “for eyes only” mission and he uncovered some secrets which were too close to highest representatives of Austrian Empire.
EN
The article discusses the idea of creation coined by authors descended from the same, Austro-Hungarian cultural field, by: Bruno Schulz, Joseph Roth and Gustav Meyrink. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy created its own mithology based on nostalgia for the World, which was consigning to the dark recesses of history. The authors, conscious of inefficiency of contemporary culture, used the idea of Demiurge to show one of possible creating ideas.
EN
When motor vehicles appeared within the range of interest of the army elites, a whole array of activities aiming at introduction of those vehicles to military service commenced. The procedure itself was similar to any other army, the difference, however, consisted in its intensity. Upon initial tests and personnel trainings, the most important trial was using automobiles and motorcycles during manoeuvres. Manoeuvres were what could most thoroughly check the vehicles themselves, as well as the personnel training level and their cooperation with non-motorised units. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first automobile tests were carried out as early as late 19th century. In 1896, a passenger car was tested, while in 1898, long-standing trials of the first lorry took place. Following those initial tests, motor vehicles began to participate in manoeuvres of various level on a yearly basis. Obviously, the largest number of motor vehicles appeared on the imperial manoeuvres organised each year. The driving force behind the motorisation of the Austro-Hungarian Army was Robert Wolf, an artillery officer transferred in 1904 to manage the newly established Automobile Department at the Military Technical Committee. On his initiative, tests of the most crucial technical solutions took place. They were: automobiles equipped with cable winches invented by Wolf, so-called road trains, all-wheel drive vehicles and the first armoured vehicle constructed in Vienna Daimler works. Despite all those efforts, the Austro-Hungarian Army eventually entered the Great War campaigns in 1914 without any properly motorised units. The reasons for this were numerous, however, the basic one seemed to be aversion to motor vehicles felt by a considerable part of the army elites, as well as high cost of purchase and operation of the vehicles.
PL
Wraz z pojawieniem się w kręgu zainteresowań wojskowych elit pojazdów mechanicznych uruchomiony został cały zestaw działań mających na celu wprowadzenie ich do służby wojskowej. Mechanizm działania podobny był we wszystkich armiach świata. Różnice polegały tylko na ich intensywności. Po pierwszych testach i szkoleniach kadry najważniejszym sprawdzianem było użycie samochodów i motocykli w trakcie manewrów. To one pozwalały w najpełniejszy sposób sprawdzić zarówno same pojazdy, stopień wyszkolenia kadry, jak też ich współgranie z niezmotoryzowanymi formacjami. W monarchii austro-węgierskiej pierwsze testy samochodów miały miejsce jeszcze pod koniec XIX w. W 1896 r. sprawdzano samochód osobowy, a w 1898 przeprowadzono długotrwałe próby pierwszego samochodu ciężarowego. Po tych pierwszych testach samochody zaczęły rokrocznie brać udział w różnego szczebla manewrach wojskowych. Z przyczyn oczywistych najwięcej ich pojawiało się na organizowanych co roku manewrach cesarskich. Motorem napędowym motoryzacji armii austro-węgierskiej był Robert Wolf, oficer artylerii oddelegowany w 1904 r. do kierowania nowo utworzonym Wydziałem Samochodowym przy Komitecie Wojskowo-Technicznym. To z jego inicjatywy doszło do testowania najważniejszych rozwiązań technicznych: samochodu wyposażonego w wyciągarkę linową jego pomysłu, tzw. pociągów drogowych, pojazdów z napędem na wszystkie osie, oraz pierwszego samochodu pancernego skonstruowanego w wiedeńskich zakładach Daimlera. Mimo tych wszystkich starań ostatecznie armia austro-węgierska przystąpiła do działań wojennych w 1914 r. bez odpowiednio zmotoryzowanych oddziałów. Przyczyn takiego stanu było wiele, ale podstawowym wydaje się niechęć do pojazdów mechanicznych znaczącej części elit wojskowych oraz wysokie koszty związane z zakupem oraz eksploatacją samych pojazdów.
EN
At the beginning of April 1914 Ivo Andrić, the young poet, after completing college education inSarajevo (1911), and than after brief episodes of studies in Zagreb (1912) and Vienna (1913),decided to undertake studies at the Jagiellonian Univesity in Cracow. Why did conventionalbourgeois world, at first glance not so different from world of salons in Zagreb and Vienna, seem to be a “better world” for the writer of Croatian-Bosnian roots? Presenting Andrić’s choices on the eve of World War I, reflected in his gestures of rejection, as well as gestures of afimation, I show the role of meeting with Cracow and the Polish culture in formation of his hybrid Yugoslavic identity. Documentaries are the starting point for reflection on the influence of the genius loci of Cracow on the formation of the intellectual silhouette of the Yugoslavic Nobel-Prize winner (1892–1975).
PL
Na początku kwietnia 1914 roku Ivo Andrić, wówczas młody poeta, opuściwszy Bośnię poukończeniu nauki w sarajewskim gimnazjum (1911), a następnie po krótkich epizodach studióww Zagrzebiu (1912) i Wiedniu (1913), decyduje się na podjęcie nauki na krakowskim Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Dlaczego konwencjonalny mieszczański świat, na pierwszy rzut oka nie tak przecież odmienny od opuszczonego przez Andricia świata salonów Zagrzebia i Wiednia, wydał się pisarzowi o bośniacko-chorwackich korzeniach, światem „lepszym”? Prezentując wyborypisarza w przededniu wybuchu pierwszej wojny światowej, przejawiające się zarówno w gestach odrzucenia, jak i w gestach afirmacji, pokazuję rolę, jaką w kształtowaniu się hybrydycznej, jugosłowiańskiej tożsamości twórcy odegrało spotkanie z polską kulturą początku XX wieku. Materiały dokumentalne stanowią punkt wyjścia do refleksji nad wpływem genius loci Krakowa na kształtowanie się intelektualnej sylwetki jugosłowiańskiego Noblisty (1892–1975).
EN
On December, 1898, two years before the 200th anniversary of its opening, the hospital led by the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in Cieszyn reached the top of its development. The post, at the beginning being able to hold only a few, and then a dozen of patients, after the extension at the end of the 19th century was able to admit 60 patients at the same time. The extension of the hospital coincided with the intensive industrialisation of Cieszyn Silesia. The local urban area became the biggest centre of this type in Austria-Hungary. It is not surprising then that people from almost the whole monarchy, trying to find better living conditions, were migrating for work in the Duchy of Cieszyn. Thanks to the preserved patients’ records from that time it is possible to determine exactly the origins of the patients from the hospital of the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in Cieszyn. It can be stated that the patients staying in this local hospital, represented a variety of nations living in this area at that time. Apart from the natives, a medical record from 1900 mentions a significant number of the inhabitants of Moravia, Czech Republic, Galicia as well as other parts of Austrian Silesia. A smaller number of representatives comes from counties in Upper Hungary and Croatia, Austrian Tyrol, Upper and Lower Austria and, finally, foreign countries – Prussia and Russia. The article constitutes a small contribution to the study of the complex history of the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in Cieszyn. It is also a useful material for the researchers who are interested in ethnic relations in Cieszyn Silesia.
PL
Artykuł omawia koncepcje kreacyjne pisarzy wywodzących się habsburskiego kręgu kulturowego. Bruno Schulz, Joseph Roth i Gustav Meyrink tworzyli w czasach końca wielkiej formacji kulturowej, która pozostawiła własny mit oparty na nostalgii za odchodzącym w niepamięć światem. Schulz, Roth i Meyrink pisali o kulturze, która zauważa własną kreacyjną niewydolność, kulturze doświadczającej kryzysu cywilizacji, niemogącej więcej petryfikować i porządkować wkraczającej modernizacji. W artykule odnoszę się do popularnej u progu I wojny światowej idei demiurgii będącej, według analizowanych przeze mnie twórców, jedną z możliwych wzorów kreacyjnych.
EN
The article discusses the ideas of creation coined by authors descended from the same, Austro-Hungarian cultural field, by: Bruno Schulz, Joseph Roth and Gustav Meyrink. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy created its own mithology based on nostalgia for the World, which was consigning to the dark recesses of history. The authors, conscious of inefficiency of contemporary culture, used the idea of Demiurge to show one of possible creating ideas.
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