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1

THE RESETTLEMENT OF GERMANS FROM THE BALTIC STATES IN 1939-1941

100%
Lossowski P.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2004
|
issue 1
75-87
EN
The resettlement of the German minority from the Baltic states, i. e. Estonia and Latvia, to the German Reich, or more precisely to Polish lands recently incorporated into Germany, was carried out in the autumn of 1939 and at the beginning of 1941 upon the initiative and under the pressure of the government of the Third Reich. Numerous Germans decided to leave fearing the Soviet threat in the wake of ultimatum demands of installing Red Army bases in Estonia and Latvia. The perspective of settling down comfortably in the homesteads of the exiled Poles, promised by the Nazi authorities, appeared to be highly encouraging. The urged departures and accompanying panic became the cause of Soviet-German diplomatic tension, overcome with considerable difficulties. The German side managed to impose upon the governments of Estonia and Latvia convenient conditions for evacuation, both as regards large portable property and foreseen compensation. Altogether, 13 500 persons left Estonia in the autumn of 1939, followed by 7 100 at the beginning of 1941, while the number of resettlers from Latvia totalled 52 500 and 11 000, respectively. The departure of the Baltic Germans created a precedence for further resettlements of the German minority from other parts of Central-Eastern Europe. We may accept, therefore, that the resettlements, today described as deportation, were initiated by Hitler's policy.
2
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Litwa miedzy dwiema totalitarnymi potegami: doświadczenie (dialektyczne) i pamiec (selektywna)

100%
Sepetys N.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
|
2011
|
issue 2(16)
265-280
EN
The article discusses the differences in the content of the collective memory of World War II between the Baltic states’ societies and the rest of Europe (particularly, Western Europe). The author argues that the Baltic countries (in many respects – also Poland) are located “in between”, having Russia and Germany as neighbours. Nowadays, he admits, it is not entirely true in terms of political divisions (all countries are on the borders of the EU), but it is nonetheless reflected in the collective memory of the societies under discussion. The article focuses mostly on Lithuania. The author’s main point is that the Baltic societies survived both totalitarianisms (Nazi and Soviet), while in the West only the national -socialist (fascist) totalitarianism was experienced. As a consequence, the author argues, Sovietism is regarded in the West as the “better” totalitarianism, or not considered totalitarian at all, while in the Baltic states the term “totalitarianism” has always meant the two: Soviet and Nazi, equally reprehensible. As an example of this gap, the author analyzes the case of a discussion between the Latvian minister of foreign affairs – Sandra Kalniete and a Holocaust survivor – Salomon Korn. In the article, integrating the “Baltic memory” into the European memory is postulated. The author argues that it is necessary to acknowledge the existence of two totalitarianisms, both of which equally “brought about genocide, violations of human rights and freedoms, war crimes and crimes against humanity”. In his view, nowadays the integration of European memory has become a political issue. He points out to Russia as the state keenly interested and actively seeking to preserve the image of Sovietism as less totalitarian in the minds of Europeans.
3

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND HEALTH STATUS IN THE BALTIC STATES IN COMPARISON WITH SLOVAK AND CZECH REPUBLICS

75%
Streimikiene D., Vveinhardt J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2015
|
vol. 63
|
issue 7
737 – 762
EN
The paper deals with the impact of environmental quality on human health in the Baltic States. The quality of environment and health are the core indicators of quality of life and they are closely interrelated. The indicators system to assess environmental quality and health status was developed to assess the impact of environmental quality on health in the Baltic States based on regular consolidated statistical data provided by EUROSTAT. The paper presents the concept of assessment of environmental quality and health status dimensions in the quality of life measurements and provides analysis of dynamics of environmental and health indicators in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The integrated environmental quality and health indicators were developed and assessed in the Baltic States since EU accession in 2004. The relationship between the main environmental and health status indicators is assessed. Comparison of environmental quality and health indicators in the Baltic states and in Czech Republic and Slovakia are provided as well. Based on the analysis performed policy recommendations are presented.
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