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1
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DIE FRAGE DES EINFLUSSES DER MARKOMANNENKRIEGE AUF DIE BEWAFFNUNG UND AUSRÜSTUNG DER BEVÖLKERUNG DES BARBARICUMS

100%
Biborski M., Kaczanowski P.
Študijné zvesti
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2017
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issue 62
171 - 180
EN
At the end of the older and in the beginning of the younger Roman period, no revolutionary changes are observable in the equipment and accoutrements of barbarian warriors in relation to the influx and intensity of changes. Sets of barbarian accoutrement documented at archaeological sites contribute to the conclusions that the Marcomannic wars and several decades after them did not bring any significant changes in the most frequently used accoutrement in Barbaricum, i. e. in shields and double-edged swords. The only change, approximately simultaneous with the horizon of the Marcomannic wars, is the end of use of single-edged swords in the whole European Barbaricum and spears in the Przeworsk culture area.
2
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MARCUS AURELIUS’ RAIN MIRACLE: WHEN AND WHERE?

88%
Kovács P.
Študijné zvesti
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2017
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issue 62
101 - 111
EN
In his paper the author deals with the two most important problems of the rain miracle during Marcus Aurelius’ campaign against the Quadi: where and when did it happen. After examining the written sources (esp. the accounts of Cassius Dio, the vita Marci of the Historia Augusta, Tertullianus and Eusebius and Marcus Aurelius’ forged letter) and the depictions of the Antonine Column in Rome (scenes XI and XVI), the author comes to the conclusion that there were two miracles (lightning and rain miracles: the former one in the presence of the emperor) the year could be 172 AD (but 171 cannot be excluded either) and the miracle happened probably in the borders of the Quadi and the Cotini.
3
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ZUR MOBILITÄT VON KRIEGERN AM ÜBERGANG VON DER ÄLTEREN ZUR JÜNGEREN RÖMISCHEN KAISERZEIT IM LICHTE DER VERBREITUNG DER DOPPELDORNSCHNALLEN

88%
Andrzejowski J., Madyda-Legutko R.
Študijné zvesti
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2018
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issue 64
55 - 80
EN
At the end of the early Roman Iron Age and the beginning of the younger Roman Iron Age (phases B2b–C1a) a characteristic element of the outfit of warriors in the central European Barbaricum are relatively broad belts fastened with a rectangular buckle with a double tongue. The buckles are a rather mixed group in terms of the construction of their frame, proportions and size, the shape of the tongue (forked or H-shaped), the presence (or not) of a chape, ornamentation, and also, their material. Recent years have significantly added to our record on buckles with a double tongue from the European Barbaricum, as shown by the increase of the number of these finds from c. 105 to over 240 specimens, largely thanks to the newly gained access to archival materials from the territory of the former East Prussia. The map of the distribution of broad belts fastened with a buckle with a double tongue and fitted with a heavy strap-end (eg, with a ring- or a sub-rectangular terminal) in the European Barbaricum, phases B2b and C1a, is almost certain to be a reflection of contacts between groups of warriors originating from different cultural environments, and definitely, of their substantial mobility. This is true particularly of warriors from the territory of the Przeworsk Culture, West Balt Bogaczewo and Dollkeim-Kovrovo Cultures, and presumably, also of the Wielbark Culture. Apparently, from this region buckles with a double tongue spread to the lands on the Elbe, Jutland and the islands of Denmark. It is reasonable to attribute finds of these buckles recorded south of the Carpathians to Przeworsk Culture influences, and recognize bronze buckles found to the north of the Black Sea as evidence of the penetration of the Pontic region by the Wielbark Culture people. The latter interpretation would be confirmed by references in the written sources to the migration of Gothic peoples to the land of Oium.
4

Germanic Graves from Caka and Gbelce. Contribution to the Settlement of Southwestern Slovakia in the Roman Period

88%
Beljak J., Kolnik T.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 1
57-94
EN
The aim of this article is to present the finds from the necropolises in Caka and Gbelce, situated in the river Hron basin, in a connection with the contemporary life and at the same time to define their chronology and their position among the burial places of the Barbaricum in the central Europe. The finds from Caka and Gbelce are very important in the context of settlement of the lower river Hron basin in the Roman period as well as in the connection with the known historical events (the Marcomanic Wars) and the consequent cultural changes in the north Pannonian limit the artefacts that prove lively the inter-regional Teutonic contacts in the period around the Marcomanic Wars. These contacts can be observed northward with the region of the Przewor and Wielbar cultural circles as well as northwestward with the space of the Polabian cultural circle. The intensive contacts also with Roman provinces are documented by numerous Roman imports the grave equipment. During the Marcomanic Wars the Quadi took also the central river Hron basin, central Ipel basin and the territory southward the Danubian bend near the present-day town of Vac in northern Hungary. The so-called eastern Quadi enclave was established.
5

ROMAN MILITARIA FROM A GERMANIC PIT-HOUSE AT CIFER (Romische Militarausrustungsgegenstande aus dem germanischen Grubenhaus in Cifer)

75%
Cheben I., Ruttkay M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 2
309-336
EN
In the study a unique collection of finds from a Germanic underground shelter is presented, which is rare in the over-Danubian Barbaricum of present-day Slovakia. The object is a part of a Germanic settlement site that was situated on the left-bank slope of Gidra brook. It is interesting that at the same place two Roman temporary camps were situated as well. Considering the finds, several fragments of scale armour, various sheet-metal parts of weaponry, metal belt mounts, etc. are the most remarkable. A so-called proprietary mount with the inscription indicating the owner's affiliation with Turma was found here, too. Special attention has been paid to a bronze sheet-metal fragment decorated by beating-hallmarking. In decorating sections a female figure alternates a male one. Probably it was a mount of a soldier's shield or protective equipment. Rather big group of finds consists of iron artefacts, sometimes together with bronze ones, building fittings, nails, knife, spear shoe, punch, etc. Metal artefacts in the collection of finds can be characterised as a raw material for further smith-working or processing. The authors assumed a smithy standing in the close vicinity of a dwelling, remains of which got into the shelter filling immediately after its destruction. This hypothesis has to be taken into consideration also in specifying the object chronology. Numerous charcoals in the filling could indicate the shelter was destroyed by fire. Hence, chronology of finds is very close to the time of the shelter working. The question is why the Germans left the finds at the site. No answer has been available now. The relation of the two Roman temporary camps and the Germanic settlement site is a question as well. Probably they did not exist simultaneously. A hypothesis is possible that the Germans had settled in the vicinity of a vanished temporary camp, they built their settlement here and used many of things obtained from the destroyed camp. During the next Roman attack the Germanic settlement site was destroyed and burnt down. Artefacts from the surface objects got into the underground shelter filling. Then the Romans built another camp in the close vicinity. Unambiguous solving of the mutual relation of the Germanic objects and Roman temporary camps should certainly contribute to understanding of complicated questions of the Roman penetration on the territory of present-day western Slovakia and of further Roman and Germanic existence in this space as well.
6
Content available remote

HRUŠKOVITÉ ZÁVESKY V GERMÁNSKOM PROSTREDÍ DOBY RÍMSKEJ NA SLOVENSKU

75%
Dragonidesová P.
Študijné zvesti
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2022
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vol. 69
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issue 2
343-354
EN
The main aim of an article is to focus on the presentation of pear-shaped pendants found in the barbarian environment, specifically in the area of Slovakia during the Roman Period. Most essential for this work was an article of A. von Müller from 1956. It provides a typological classification according to which the finds from Slovakia were sorted. We can see the origins of the younger pear-shaped pendants in the older ball shape. Development of pendants is observable not only in the prolonging of a body shape but also in the surface decoration. Younger types represents the master works of an artisans through the delicate motifs created with thin metal wires and granulation. Archaeological and anthropological analyses points to its belonging to the female ornaments of a body. These small pieces of jewellery, made out of precious metals, were in Slovak territory found mostly in the urn graves. For the reason, that some of these finds carry traces after burning, we can expect, that they are belongings of the deceased. Most of them belongs to the B2/C1 stage. Many analogies to finds from Slovak sites are coming from Germanic burial grounds of Roman Period in today’s Poland, which indicates its origin in this area. Pear-shaped pendants were most likely brought to Slovak territory in the Roman Period by people of Przeworsk culture.
7
Content available remote

KOVÁNÍ JHA DOBY ŘÍMSKÉ V ČECHÁCH

75%
Beneš Z.
Študijné zvesti
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2018
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issue 63
107 - 124
EN
This paper summarizes the current research of findings of yoke-fittings (guide rings) during the Roman period in Bohemia. The paper is focused on the question of their use during the proto-history in Central and Northern Europe and subsequently deals with a reconstruction of horse/oxen harness in Roman provinces. Furthermore, the distribution of these artefacts in the context of Central European Barbaricum is also discussed.
8
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Miecz obosieczny z okolic Bydgoszczy. Krótki przyczynek do badań nad uzbrojeniem w okresie przedrzymskim

63%
Kaczmarek Ł.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2012
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issue 5
157-164
PL
The analysed sword, discovered in one of the lakes in the environs of Bydgoszcz, found now in the collection of MPPP in Gniezno, is to associated with the earlier pre-Roman period.   It may be classified as type II two-edged sword from the aforesaid period, after typology suggested by P. Łuczkiewicz. His chronology, following typological analysis and analogous finds in the areas of the Oksywie and the Przeworsk culture should be estimated as phase  A2 – A3. The most proximate analogy comes from the area of Cuiavia, where, in similar conditions, a sword was discovered in Inowrocław-Mątwy (recovered from the Noteć river). A singular feature of the sword is the armourer’s mark which permits to ascribe it to a Celtic workshop. The sword from Bydgoszcz was probably made in a local workshop, in imitation of the Celtic swords. The occurrence of two-edged swords on the areas inhabited by Celts has a mass character, which is probably why swords of this type in the lands  of Poland need to be associated with their temporary presence in Silesia and in Małopolska, or with the strong influence of the Latenian culture streaming from the south of Europe. A double-edged was a basic weapon, and of huge significance, which corresponded with the Celtic model of armament. Its co-occurrence with a weapon of a different kind reflected various groups of warriors, perhaps it existed not only as a weapon but also as a manifestation of a certain social status. The analysed sword supplements the group of finds of the type for earlier pre-Roman period, and may attest to a contact of societies inhabiting the basin of the Oder and the Vistula with Celts, also with regard to other areas of life.   
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