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1

Ceremonie pogrzebowe biskupów wrocławskich (1300-1600)

100%
Wółkiewicz E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 2
209-225
EN
The article explores two poorly researched aspects of the funerals of Church dignitaries. One of them is the widely understood logistics of the ceremony, including the problems that had to be solved in connection with the choice of the place and time, as well as the organisation of the ceremonial escort of the body to the church. The other one is the political and ideological import of bishops’ funerals, which was particularly significant when bishops combined their ecclesiastical functions with the role of lay lords, as was the case with the bishops of Wrocław (Breslau). Due to the special role of symbolic communication in pre-modern societies it is necessary to consider to what extent funeral ceremonies were used for that purpose. The public character of bishops’ funerals made them a tool of legitimising and stabilising the authority. The funerals of Wrocław bishops is relatively well documented. Particularly valuable among the preserved documents is the agenda of the funeral of Henryk of Wierzbna, including a detailed description of the funeral liturgy. The detailed accounts from the second half of the 15th c. make it possible to reconstruct both the ceremonies and the course of their preparation. From the 16th c. onwards the varied sources available give more insight into the ideological aspect of those public spectacles. To illustrate the political aspect of the ceremonies, the article analyses the valediction address delivered at the funeral of bishop Balthasar von Promnitz (d. 1562).
2
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BISKUPI A ICH ÚRAD PODĽA BERNARDA Z CLAIRVAUX

88%
Zupka D.
Konštantínove listy
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2023
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vol. 16
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issue 2
14 - 23
EN
This article aims to reconstruct the picture of the bishop and his office captured in the correspondence of Bernard of Clairvaux, providing two crucial insights. The first is the Clairvaux abbot’s personal view of bishops and their position in medieval society. He himself rejected this rank and ministry on several occasions, but this did not prevent him from publicly articulating the basic principles and, above all, the moral demands on any candidate for this responsible office. As on other issues, Bernard’s outlook was on the side of strict discipline and firm orthodoxy, while still keeping in mind the vulnerability and imperfection of individual bishops. This opens up a second level of significance in examining Bernard’s correspondence in his letters. He did not merely portray an ideal state or an idealised theory of the episcopal vocation. On the contrary, most of his letters were addressed to specific bishops and responded to concrete events, problems, and pitfalls in the exercise of their office. In this way we learn a great deal about contemporary society, about the workings of the Church and, more specifically, about the everyday problems of bishops. By analysing the information from the letters under study, we can thus come closer to reconstructing a realistic picture of the position, functioning and importance of bishops in the society of the first half of the twelfth century.
3

EPISCOPAL POWER AND AUTHORITY IN COMMUNICATION WITH THE CITY OF BARDEJOV IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGE

75%
Fedorčáková M.
Mesto a dejiny
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2023
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vol. 12
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issue 2
42 – 52
EN
The author examines how the ecclesiastical power and authority of the bishops was demonstrated in their communications with the royal city of Bardejov. The bishops’ power toward medieval towns in the Kingdom of Hungary was primarily manifested in the tithes and exemptions granted in the rights of archdeacons. In the case of Bardejov, there can be found some areas where the power of bishops of Eger (frequently represented by episcopal vicars) was demonstrated. First of all, the episcopal tithe collection caused permanent disputes between the parish priest, town representatives and the bishop. The author describes how the problems were solved and the machinery of episcopal powers in these cases. Another area of communication and the manifestation of episcopal authority was that of judicial cases between burghers, which were occasionally brought before ecclesiastical court contrary to town law. A further, greatly significant manifestation of episcopal power in the area of the city was that of ecclesiastical rituals and symbolic communication. The study mentions various examples of episcopal presence in the consecration of churches, chapels, altars and liturgical dress.
4

BISKUPI A TESTAMENTY UHORSKÉHO DUCHOVENSTVA V STREDOVEKU

75%
Nemeš J.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2020
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vol. 24
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issue 2
322 – 338
EN
In our paper we deal with testaments of clergymen in the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages in relation with bishops and archbishops. As the highest ranked officials of the Church, bishops represented guarantees and protectors of testamentary law of clerics. Their episcopal power became a pledge for practical exercise of their testamentary law in the kingdom. They performed tasks as witnesses, executors or they provided confirmation of last wills in higher ranks of the hierarchy. At the same time they were recipients of various testamentary messages in material, financial or spiritual forms or they formed messages of such kinds. In our paper we also analyze personal testaments of bishops and archbishops.
5

„V CNOSTI SVÄTEJ POSLUŠNOSTI.“ MOC A AUTORITA JÁGERSKÝCH BISKUPOV V KOMUNIKÁCII S MESTOM BARDEJOV V STREDOVEKU

75%
Fedorčáková M.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
36 – 52
EN
This study deals with communications between the town of Bardejov and bishops of Eger in the Middle Ages. The author examines how the ecclesiastical power and authority of the bishops was demonstrated in their communications with the free royal town of Bardejov. The bishops’ power toward medieval towns in the Kingdom of Hungary was primarily manifested in the collection of tithes and exemptions granted in the rights of archdeacons. In the case of Bardejov, there can be found some areas where the power of bishops of Eger (frequently represented by episcopal vicars) was demonstrated. First of all, the episcopal tithe collection caused permanent disputes between the parish priest, town representatives and the bishop. The author describes how the problems were solved and the machinery of episcopal powers in these cases. Another area of communication and the manifestation of episcopal authority was that of judicial cases between burghers, which were occasionally brought before ecclesiastical court contrary to town law. A greatly significant manifestation of episcopal power in the area of the town was that of ecclesiastical rituals and symbolic communication. The study mentions various examples of episcopal presence in the consecration of churches, chapels, altars and liturgical dress.
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