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1

PROBLEMS IN INTERPRETING SOURCES TO THE HISTORY OF BUILDING IN GREAT POLAND IN VIEW OF THE RECENT RESEARCH ON WOODEN CHURCHES FROM THE 17TH-18TH C. (Polish title below)

100%
Jankowski A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2007
|
vol. 55
|
issue 2
123-139
EN
(Original title: (Problemy interpretacji zrodel do dziejów budownictwa w Wielkopolsce w swietle najnowszych badan kosciolów drewnianych z XVII-XVIII w.) One of the main weaknesses of research on Polish wooden architecture conducted in the last 150 years is an insufficiently detailed typology of timber constructions. The presently-used classification of sacred buildings is not linked with in situ architecture analyses or with the actually recognized range of historical buildings. Old churches have been classified according to the popular typology of wooden structures, established about 100 years ago, including log, post-and-log and skeleton constructions, while in fact in Great Poland only there are at least 40 churches from the 17th-18th c. which do not fit the typological scheme dominant in the Polish literature of the subject. The churches in question have a characteristic double structure of the outer walls; in most cases the carcass is surrounded with a closely adjoining skeleton. In several cases the outer skeleton was added later that the whole structure was built; in the 17th-18th c. this was a very common method of strengthening a carcass that was losing stability or structural strength. In over 30 buildings the double structure was initially planned; in some the idea is very close to or identical with the Umgebinge construction. The fact that the Umgebinde (outer skeleton) system was firmly established in church building practice in Great Poland is an important motivation for reviewing the conventional views on the origin and topography of Umgebinde architecture. The popularity of the double structure of walls (a carcass linked with a skeleton) in old wooden buildings is confirmed by written sources. Inventories and protocols of estate inspections and parish visitations, written both in Latin and in Polish, mention such structures very frequently. Their advantages and theoretical foundations were described in the oldest Polish treaty on architecture, published in the mid 17th c. Unfortunately, the typology of old wooden structures established in the literature, together with the insufficient knowledge of old carpentry terminology and of the building practices registered by old handbooks of architecture, did not facilitate a correct interpretation of such mentions. Ethnographers at most concluded (wrongly) that the structures in question were unspecified atypical solutions, resulting from 'primitive' simplifications and reductions. Archivists and historians of architecture usually simply disregarded repeated mentions such as: Ecclesia ab extra more pruthenico lateribus circumducta intra lignea constructa (1672 - a description of the church in Oporowo near Leszno) or Ecclesia lignea de fortis more pruthenico cincta (in the years 1718, 1724, 1787 - descriptions of the church in Prochy near Wielichowo). To conclude, written sources confronted with newest studies of wooden sacred buildings produce a picture of wooden architecture and Polish carpentry which is much richer and more complex that it was assumed until recently. This points to an urgent need to verify the methodology of research on old wooden buildings in Poland.
2
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FEELING AT HOME. REFLECTION ON A THEME IN HUMAN EXISTENCE

100%
Friberg C.
ESPES
|
2022
|
vol. 11
|
issue 2
20 - 27
EN
This essay is about the significance of the body for dwelling. Considering the body implies considering a concrete body, i.e. asking for the experiences embedded in it. Consequently, the body in consideration is, for example, gendered. The topic of dwelling takes Martin Heidegger’s work on the hand as the point of departure and uses philosophical anthropology and Jacques Derrida’s comments on Heidegger as inspiration to suggest that the relationship between the hand and thinking implies asking whose hands build places of dwelling. When dwelling is related to the body, we must also consider what concrete body is involved in building and dwelling.
3

THE POSSIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING OF PREHISTORIC UNITS OF LENGTH (O mozliwosciach poznania pradziejowych jednostek miary dlugosci)

88%
Gralak T.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2009
|
vol. 57
73-97
EN
This paper is an example of making use of possibilities of measure analysis. Piskorzówek 14, district Olawa, has been the first analysed site. Some relics of a Lusatian settlement from the III EB period were discovered there. It has been noticed that the objects were situated along one line. Regularity of intervals has been observed among the objects. To reconstruct the original layout, a model has been constructed, according to which hypothetical homesteads were round in shape. The shortest distance between the objects situated along the axis organizing the settlement, which was 13 m, has been treated as the chord length. So, the reconstructed homestead was 132,665 square metres in area. If, however, the homestead is assumed to be square in shape, it could be up to 169 square metres in area. A Lusatian settlement from the Hallstatt C period from Wojkowice, site no. 15, district Wroclaw, has been the next analysed site. The reconstructed unit of measure is 78,5 cm. It has been recognized that repeated modules were used for laying out the buildings. These were a square of side lengths 4 x 4 units and a rectangle of side lengths 4 x 3 units. In the case of a settlement from the Hallstatt D period from Nowy Sleszów 4, district Wroclaw, layouts of discovered buildings have been compared with the findings from Wojkowice. The achieved results allowed to establish that the same unit of length was used in the both places. A rectangular module of side lengths 3 x 4 units and a square module of side lengths 3 x 3 units were used for laying out a building. Polwica 4, 5 and Skrzypnik 8, district Olawa, constitute the next analysed site. Several relics of pole buildings, dated to the early Roman period, have been excavated there. The reconstructed unit of measure is 71,5 cm. Repeated modules in the form of rectangular modules of side lengths 3 x 4 units and square modules of side lengths 3 x 3 units were used for laying out the buildings.
4

VÝVOJ MESTSKEJ DOMOVEJ PARCELY NA PRÍKLADE MÄSIARSKEJ 57/A V KOŠICIACH

75%
Rusnák R.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2
315 – 398
EN
Two seasons of archaeological excavation in Mäsiarska 57/A Street in Košice are a great contribution in the exploration of the development of municipal houselot. The explored area offered a possibility of relatively extensive view, both from the spatial as well as chronological aspect on a lot which (as far as its location in municipal built-up area is concerned) was one of rather peripheral lots, and, as regards the settlement intensity, the less exposed ones. The archaeological excavation detected features of various natures. In addition to simple sunken features – the pits of undoubtedly short duration, there were detected also ground features of regular shape, sometimes also with indications of building construction, where the ambition of their longer duration has to be counted with. Even longer duration must be expected in the case of features with solid wooden building construction, which could be functional for one or two generations. The most durable are stone walled features, specifically the more extensive buildings with solid and deep foundations. As regards the chronological aspect, it may be stated that thin settlement in the High Middle Ages (13th – 14th cent.) became significantly more intensive in Late Middle Ages (15th cent.), and culminated in the older Postmedieval Period (16th – 17th cent.). In the younger Postmedieval Period (18th – 19th cent.) the settlement function of the lot gradually perishes and changes only to an un-built area, originally with a garden arrangement. Later on, this function is degraded as well. The study also discusses the finds obtained from individual settlement features and situations.
5

TECHNIKA, STAVĚNÍ A BYDLENÍ U MARTINA HEIDEGGERA A JOSÉ ORTEGY Y GASSETA

75%
Blecha I.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2017
|
vol. 72
|
issue 5
333 – 346
EN
The article offers a comparison of two entirely contrapositive conceptions of technology: those of Martin Heidegger and José Ortega y Gasset. While Heidegger conceives of technology as one of the effects of metaphysical, i.e. failing thinking of being and world, Ortega y Gasset sees the technology as a means which enables the person to set himself/herself free from his/her animal nature and create a space appropriate for actual human needs. Resulting from these opposite stands are the opposite views on the relationship between „dwelling“and „building“. According to Heidegger, we first have to master the art of dwelling; only then we can start building. According to Ortega y Gasset, we first need the technological building dispositions; the need to dwell appears afterwards. However, it is the concept of architecture which shows the limits in both thinkers. A more balanced attitude is represented by Karsten Harries in his book The Ethical Function of Architecture. Namely, it takes into account the free space as a place for encounters with other people. Thus the conception of dwelling, building and technology in general takes on a social dimension, which is apparently missing in Heidegger.
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