Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 12

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  BURGHERS
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1

THE RELIGIOUSNESS OF WARSAW BURGHERS IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN THE LIGHT OF THE OLDEST TESTAMENTS (Religijnosc mieszczan póznosredniowiecznej Warszawy w swietle najstarszych zachowanych testamentów)

100%
Mrozowski K.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 2
191-196
EN
The article presents the results of the research on the religiousness of Warsaw burghers in the late Middle Ages based on the oldest preserved testaments. The sixteen documents from the years 1431-1526 show varied forms of religiousness characteristic of urban communities, including bequests to churches, legacies for the benefit of hospitals and the poor, choosing one's burial place and funding masses for one's soul. The repetitiveness of legacies contrasts with the wide spectrum of testators, which includes not only members of the patriciate but also poor inhabitants of the suburbs, women and men, artisans and intellectuals. In general, it seems that most of the testators were primarily concerned with the good of the urban community, which was supposed to cherish the memory of the dead.
2

Testament jako źródło do badań nad piśmiennością mieszczańską w późnym średniowieczu

100%
Bartoszewicz A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3-4
293-303
EN
A testament is by its very nature an evidence of a literate culture. Regardless of the social and legal factors that shaped the custom of recording one’s last will in writing, its emergence was only possible in those communities in which writing was a tool of everyday communication and work. Therefore, registering and cataloguing surviving testaments, as well as analysing their content, is very important for research on the literacy of burghers. Vital information can be inferred from studying the ways of authenticating burgher testaments and the institutions that were involved in that process, since there is much variety in this area. Burghers’ last wills could be written down as notarial deeds; they could also be private documents or documents issued by the town council. They could be authorised by being recorded in the town council register or in the consistory register. Bigger town kept separate records of testaments. On the one hand, testaments show the increased role of writing in burghers’ life, on the other – writing down a testament and dividing the legacy started bureaucratic procedures, necessitated decisions and settlements made before municipal offices, bringing in contact with them people who had never needed their services. It is particularly interesting to observe contacts between burghers and municipal offices from various towns. Records from the oldest surviving municipal registers of small and medium towns (from the beginning of the 15th c.) indicate that the custom of writing down one’s last will contributed to the development of literacy among burghers. The most interesting data on the literacy of the community represented by testators can be drawn from the content of particular testaments. The analysis primarily concerns the forms used for testaments. Very valuable information can also be inferred from the type and character of documents kept in burgher archives. Significant clues are also found in all, even very laconic, mentions about burghers’ libraries. Equally important are those testaments that testify to burghers’ financial, family and social contacts with people earning their living through mental work (clerks, notaries, teachers, etc.). Very interesting for a historian of literacy are testaments written down by municipal clerks. The testament is undoubtedly an important element of burghers’ literacy, with the word ‘element’ playing a key role. While reading a particular last will, we always have to consider whether and to what extent it is a part of a larger output; we also have to ask whether the source analysed is really the final settlement of one’s worldly affairs or only a part of it. Such a reflection is necessary especially when we deal with testaments of representatives of burgher élite, who had wide family and business connections and who used writing in their everyday life: merchants, officials, notaries and clerks.
3

BURGHERS AND HERALDRY: ON THE USAGE OF HERALDIC SIGNS BY BURGHERS IN EARLY MODERN HUNGARIAN KINGDOM

100%
Federmayer F.
Mesto a dejiny
|
2021
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
48 - 74
EN
The study presents the state of research into burgher heraldry in Slovakia. It notes the perspectives and possibilities of further research, as well as the importance of the sigillographic study of burgher seals. On the basis of its findings, it demonstrates discoveries on the uses of coats of arms, or more precisely, personal heraldic marks, by burghers in early modern towns of the Hungarian Kingdom (and includes, for instance, the issues of heritability of burgher marks and the ennoblement of burghers from a heraldic point of view).
4

PHRASEBOOKS AS A SOURCE OF DATA ON THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF BURGHERS IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (Pomoce do konwersacji jako zrodlo poznania zycia codziennego mieszczanstwa w dobie wczesnonowozytnej)

100%
Fejtova O.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 3-4
387-398
EN
The author compares two early-modern phrasebooks: a German - Czech one and a German - Polish one. The first one was written by Ondrej Klatovski, a Czech humanist and pedagogue, a councillor and mayor of Prague. His book was first printed in 1540 and until the mid 17th c. was reedited 13 times. The other book was written by Nicolaus Volckmar, a language teacher from Gdansk (Danzig). His Viertzig Dialogi [Forty dialogues], written at the turn of the 17th c., was published in 1612 and was reissued at least 22 times until the mid 18th c. Klatovski's phrasebook was addressed to young Czech burghers - artisans and merchants - for whom the knowledge of German was indispensable or highly helpful for professional reasons. Volckmar wrote his dialogues for the young burghers of Gdansk, the largest port in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The native language of his readers was German but the knowledge of Polish was indispensable for merchants and artisans as well as the city councillors. Volckmar's publication was also popular in some other towns of Royal Prussia, in Ducal Prussia and in Silesia; it was reprinted in Torun (Thorn), Królewiec (Konigsberg) and Wroclaw (Breslau), which was motivated by the trade links between those areas and Gdansk. The content of the dialogues in the two books reflects the social consciousness of burghers in the great cities of Central Europe (Prague, Gdansk), both through the choice of topics and through the inclusion of everyday realities. Both phrasebooks include such topics as: the school education of young burghers, travelling as an aspect of education and trade. The last issue is more widely treated by Klatovski, who mentions business trips to such centres as Vienna or Nuremberg. In this respect his phrasebook resembles contemporary guidebooks. The formula of Volckmar's work is wider, closer to traditional humanist dialogues which present human life from birth to death, although the book contains numerous references to the realities of Gdansk.
5

Testamenty mieszkańców małych miast wielkopolskich z XVII wieku

100%
Głowacka-Penczyńska A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3-4
380-393
EN
The article concerns testaments of inhabitants of 13 small towns in Great Poland from the 17th c. The source basis comprises 852 last wills written down in the years 1601-1700. The towns examined had populations of under 2000 inhabitants, but they had significant economic functions. The list includes important centres of craftsmanship. For example, Kłecko, Gostyń, Poniec and Rydzyna produced woollen cloth and linen not only for the local market. The towns in question thrived thanks to being situated along the vital trade routes connecting Silesia with Prussia, Lithuania and Russia. Among important commercial centres, especially known for grain, flour, textile and cattle trade, we should mention Rydzyna, Radziejów and Wolsztyn. Other towns had artisan guilds and held markets and fairs of local import. At the same time, many inhabitants worked on the land. A typical agricultural town was Sulmierzyce. Seventeenth-century testaments had a fairly uniform structure. They comprised an invocation, a preamble, funeral instructions, the disposition of property, lists of debts owned by and to the testator, and instructions for inheritors. Testaments do not contain much information about testators. Apart from the name and surname, they sometimes mention the testator’s profession, marital status and origin. The reason of writing a testament was the expectation that death was near, resulting in a wish to settle one’s worldly affairs, especially financial affairs, and to secure one’s family. The property was divided in order to prevent conflicts between inheritors, lawsuits and wasting the property. The most elaborate part of a testament is the disposition of property. It usually includes legacies left to the closest relatives or other inheritors, bequests to religious and charitable institutions, instructions concerning the funeral and the commemorative ceremony. Bequests included money, immovable property (houses, gardens, orchards, farmland), domestic utensils (furniture, tableware, kitchenware), bed covering and bedlinen, garments, jewellery, weapons, books, farming and craft tools, livestock, food. Testaments also contain very detailed lists of creditors and debtors. Testaments reveal information not only on testators’ property but also on their family relations. They indicate what feelings testators had for their spouses and children and how they tried to secure their future. They also convey thanks to friends, neighbours or servants for love, friendship and help shown in difficult situations.
6

Testamenty mieszczan miasta Ołyki z lat 1660-1670

100%
Biłous N.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3-4
346-362
EN
The town of Ołyka was part of the Nieśwież entail of the Radziwiłł family, ruled by Duke Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł (1625-1680), son of Ludwik Radziwiłł and Tekla Wołłowicz. After the end of the Cossack wars in the years 1660-1679 Ołyka experienced economic boom, but a great fire in 1679 and a Swedish attack in 1702 led to the town’s decline. Most of the town archives were destroyed by the fire of the town hall in 1870; a few surviving registers are now kept in the Central State Archive of Ukraine in Kiev (collection no. 1237). The article is based on 47 testaments from the years 1660-1670 recorded in register no. 7 and on several burgher probate inventories from the same register. All the texts are in Polish; they have never been published or used by researchers. The testators include representatives of the middle class as well as of the town élite. 32 testaments were drawn up by men and 15 by women. 25 of the testators were Uniats, 11 were Catholics and 11 belonged to the Orthodox Church. The collection of sources that was examined for the purposes of this article sheds light on various aspects of social life in one of the major towns of Volhynia. They reflect burghers’ financial condition, business activities, social status and family connections. The major aim of making testaments was to prevent conflicts between inheritors. Other reasons included: 1) the wish to provide for the spouse when the testator was childless, 2) the wish to safeguard children, grandchildren or other relatives, 3) the intention to bequeath money to religious and charitable institutions. Testaments were usually written at home. Sometimes the testator appointed a person (usually the spouse, a child or a friend) to take care of the funeral. The place of burial was often specified, as was the sum allocated for the funeral. Catholic burghers, who mostly lived in the centre of the town, were usually buried at the old cemetery next to St Peter’s church; richer burghers were buried next to the Holy Trinity collegiate church. Uniats, who lived in the “middle town” and in the Zawrocie suburb, were buried at the cemetery next to the Holy Trinity Uniate church, while members of the Orthodox Church, residing in the Zalasocze suburb, had their two local churches with cemeteries. The largest sums for the funeral and charitable legacies were left by Catholics. In their major features and formulations testaments from Ołyka did not differ much from last wills from other parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although they often omitted the conventional opening and closing formulae. Sanctio is rarely found in them; at the end there is usually a corroboratio, i.e. the testator’s confirmation of the witnesses. Testament instructions concerned primarily the testator’s soul and body, and secondly the property. The most important part of property were certainly immovables; movables are mentioned in only half of the testaments examined. The most frequently bequeathed movable property was livestock, with garments closely following.
7

Koszty pogrzebu w testamentach oraz inwentarzach pośmiertnych mieszczan w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej

100%
Klonder A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3-4
414-422
EN
In Poland, as in other European countries, the second half of the 20th c. brought a significant progress in research on the issues of death and funerals. Analyses undertaken concerned last wills and funerals. Funerals were investigated in the aspect of the ceremony itself and of the role of the family and religious and secular institutions (guilds, fraternities, schools, hospitals, parishes) in it. The issue of the cost of such ceremonies, however, was rather marginalised by researchers. The article explores some possibilities of filling this gap with regard to the class of burghers in the 16th-18th c. Much attention is paid to small and medium towns, which were the majority of urban centres in the Crown of Poland. The issue of funeral costs is illustrated with examples from two towns: Wojnicz in Little Poland (c. 2000 inhabitants) and Bydgoszcz in Kuyavia (c. 4000 inhabitants). The sources used include testaments and probate inventories. Some testaments include instructions concerning the place of burial (church or cemetery) and the way of covering funeral costs: either a particular sum is stipulated or, when no cash was available, some property to be sold is mentioned (e.g. some land, a house, livestock, crops, stocks from a craftsman’s workshop). Some probate inventories, on the other hand, specify burial costs. Among the expenses they list elements of the setting (ringing the bells, candles), payment to the participants of the ceremony (e.g. to women who watch over the body, to the priest for a valediction, to the carpenter for the coffin, with the cost of material and labour specified separately, to the gravediggers), payments to institutions (to the parish for the funeral mass, to the guilds and fraternities participating in the ceremony), and finally donations to the poor in cash or in kind (the most common form was to distribute bread vodka or dinner, or finance a bath). The lists of costs presented in the article, although they include many details, usually do not cover all the expenditure; in some cases the sources only mention “other funeral costs” or omit them altogether (those may include buying a burial place at the cemetery or preparing the body for the funeral). Furthermore, funeral costs are appended to the minority of probate inventories available. Only in exceptional complete documentation concerning a person has survived (a testament, a probate inventory and a specification of funeral costs). Due to all those factors, the data cannot be analysed statistically. Since the data on the financial position of the deceased and their families are incomplete we cannot answer intriguing questions about the real burden of funeral costs for burgher families, the average level of costs in particular towns and regions, or their dynamics in the three centuries in question. However, specifications of funeral costs may be highly useful in studying the sources of income of particular groups of town dwellers: the clergy and sextons, craftsmen (carpenters, tailors), gravediggers, students, the poor, etc
8

MEŠŤANIA PALTRAM Z FREITHOFU A GOZZO Z KREMŽE A ICH OSUDY V ZÁVERE VOJEN O BABENBERSKÉ DEDIČSTVO

88%
Roháč P.
Mesto a dejiny
|
2015
|
vol. 4
|
issue 2
24 – 36
EN
This study analyses the status and activity of two significant Austrian burghers, Paltram from Freithof and Gozzo from Krems in service of Ottokar II, the King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria. They were the supreme clerks under Austrian administration, whereas their financial options as well as their organizing abilities allowed them to get among the elite of high society. They also, like the nobility, could support various clerical institutions particularly monasteries and in the case of Paltram significantly interfere into political events, too. We can see through the example of their different destinies the rise of town elites and general increase of the importance of towns in the middle European area.
9

VÝSADNÝ A SAMOVOĽNÝ ROZVOJ MEŠTIANSTVA A MIEST NA SLOVENSKU V 14. STOROČÍ

88%
Uličný F.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 3
437 – 466
EN
In this study, the author presents his findings on the development of burghers and towns in Slovakia in the 14th century. It continues his research and publication on the development of burghers and towns from the 9th century. The sources of evidence are charters from the 14th century. The author has researched the development of the burgher class in dozens of towns of the period. He has come to the conclusion that burghers were developed in two ways, namely: privileged, on the basis of charters; or spontaneously without any written documents. This was how groups of burghers were developed in dozens of old towns and an even larger number of new towns in 14th century Slovakia. The most profitable employment of the burghers was trade. The most developed urban life was found in Košice and Bratislava, which were two of the most important towns in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century.
10

BURGHERS IN THE HUNGARIAN KINGDOM THROUGH THE PRISM OF A LOCAL CONFLICT: THE 1842 MUSTER OF THE KOŠICE BURGHERS’ GUARD

75%
Czoch G.
Mesto a dejiny
|
2018
|
vol. 7
|
issue 1
6 – 17
EN
The present study investigates some aspects of the transformation of the late estate society in the Hungarian Kingdom from a micro historical perspective. The local conflicts around the 1842 muster of the burghers’ guard in the free royal town Košice appertained to the burghers’ duties in general: their mandatory service in the guard and their behaviour towards the council. The analysis of these events reveals how transforming social practices clash with the social order solidified by old customs and law. In general, this conflict sheds light on the changes of the contemporary conception as well as the social transformation of burghership as a category of the estate society right before the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
11

BRATISLAVSKÍ HOSTIA V 13. STOROČÍ. ZVYKY, PRÁVO A SPRÁVA

75%
Lysá Ž.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 4
603 – 625
EN
The study is concerned with the social and legal group in the Kingdom of Hungary called “hospites” (guests), who formed a basic element in the emerging towns such as the one below Bratislava Castle. Using the written sources from the 13th century concerning Hungary and especially Bratislava, it presents the concepts of legal customs and privileges, which formed the main source of town law. The administrative and judicial position of the inhabitants of the complex below Bratislava Castle in the 13th century is considered. Attention is also devoted to the problem of municipal autonomy and the question of its position under the jurisdiction of the Sheriff of Bratislava before 1291.
12

OBYČAJOVÉ PRÁVO MEŠŤANOV DO 13. STOROČIA

75%
Uličný F.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 2
219 – 239
EN
Since the mid of the 20th century the author has researched and described the development of burghers and towns in Slovakia starting from the 13th century. However, by the end of the 20th century, he realized that towns and burghers existed and developed continually in this part of Central Europe from the 9th century. He has described this in several studies. In a recent study, he presented his own findings about the development of burghers and towns. In the present study he describes the origin and development of the customary rights of burghers in Slovakia and the Kingdom of Hungary up to the 13th century. Since they did not originate in the 11th – 12th centuries, there are no direct texts from Hungary about the burghers and towns of the period, so the author has used all the provisions of charters from kings of Hungary from the middle third of the 13th century about the privileges of burghers in dozens of towns.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.