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1

BYZANTINE ANABASIS OF THE HUNGARIAN PRINCE BÉLA

100%
Schneider F.
Vojenská história
|
2019
|
vol. 23
|
issue 1
24 - 44
EN
Whilst not gaining such fame as other Árpad rulers, there is no doubt that Béla III was one of the most capable kings not only among the Árpads but all the Hungarian rulers in general. However, he did not gain a special place in the collective memory of Hungarians compared to other kings, for instance his son Andrew II. The reason for this, despite all his qualities, may lie in his life in the Byzantine Empire, which was perceived negatively by the Latin world, Hungary was a part of. Doubtlessly, however, his education and life at the Byzantine imperial court had the largest influence on his rule. This article is going to examine Béla’s childhood and his path to the Hungarian throne, beginning with his time in Hungary under the rule of Géza II and Stephen III, followed by his life at the Byzantine imperial court, until he was summoned back to Hungary. I will describe the wars between Hungary and Byzantium not only witnessed but also participated by Béla in person during his life in Constantinople. And finally, I will take a brief look into the spiritual life of Byzantium through Béla’s education as well as the Byzantine perception of his personality.
2
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NIKOLAJ KAVÁSILAS A KRÍZA BYZANTSKEJ SPOLOČNOSTI V 14. STOROČÍ

100%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
|
2020
|
vol. 13
|
issue 2
89 - 98
EN
The aim of the article is to present the life and work of Nicholas Kabasilas, one of the forefront figures of the fourteenth-century Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. Not much information has survived on the life of Nicholas Kabasilas, despite the fact that he was an advisor to the Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos from 1347 to 1354 and significantly influenced the development during his era which was shaken by two very crucial events: Hesychast controversy and the fight for the throne after the death of Andronikos III between Alexios Apokaukos and John VI Kantakouzenos. Misunderstandings and conflicts between Hesychasts and Anti-Hesychasts lay in different starting points and are related to the issue of the humanistic and patristic revival in Byzantium. Greek monk Barlaam of Calabria got into conflict with traditional Byzantine views and he ruled out the possibility of real communion with God, therefore he opposed Hesychasts. The defence of Hesychasts was undertaken by Gregory Palamas, the paramount representative of Byzantine thought and the leading figure of Hesychasm who reacted to the gnosiological issue of God on the basis of distinction between unattainable Divine substance and attainable uncreated Divine energies. Kabasilas did not enter open conflict like Gregory Palamas, but he focused more on the clarification of anthropological questions. He also paid attention to the social issues and problems of common people in need who were fighting for social justice. He criticized usury and injustice of the rich, which led people to poverty and, in turn, violence.
3

EASTERN CAMPAIGNS OF NIKEPHOROS II PHOCAS IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORICAL WORKS OF LEO THE DEACON AND JOHN SKYLITZES

100%
Schneider F.
Vojenská história
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 2
6 - 23
EN
Emperor Nikephoros II Phocas is considered one of the best military leaders in the Byzantine history, significantly extending the Byzantine borders eastwards. Being called “The Pale Death of the Saracens” by the Arabs, he re-conquered the Arab territories as far as the city of Antioch, which was returned to the Byzantine hands after 300 years, and re-established the Byzantine hegemony over the eastern Mediterranean. In this paper I will examine these campaigns in detail as they appeared in the historical works of Leo the Deacon and John Skylitzes. I will focus on the differences in both works, examining the reasons for such differences. And finally, I will attempt to examine how the Byzantines viewed the conquest of important cities such as Antioch, using the sources as mediators of these perceptions.
4
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K PROBLEMATIKE BYZANTSKÝCH IMPORTOV NA ÚZEMÍ VEĽKEJ MORAVY V 9. STOROČÍ

88%
Ivanič P.
Konštantínove listy
|
2016
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
3 – 10
EN
Contacts between the Byzantine Empire and the territory of Great Moravia started already in the 6th century. A large amount of evidence refers to an influence of Byzantium on sacral architecture, literature and material culture of the 9th century Great Moravia. The main goal of the article is to elaborate on the connection of Byzantium and Great Moravia using the evidence of archaeological findings in the present day Czech Republic and Slovakia (e. g. silk, ceramics, pectoral crosses, coins, jewellery, etc.). As the research has shown, only a few objects were directly made in the Byzantine Empire. Peripheral areas of the Byzantine cultural sphere (e. g. Dalmatia, Istria) had a considerable influence on the territory of Great Moravia, more than Byzantium itself.
5

CONSTANTINOPLE, TRADITION OF THE AVAR SIEGE IN 626 AND SACRED RELICS (Konstantinopol, tradicia avarskeho utoku z roku 626 a posvatne relikvie)

88%
Hurbanic M.
Slavica Slovaca
|
2009
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
106-118
EN
The Avar siege of Constantinople was one of the most important events in the history of the Byzantine Empire and particularly its capital. The presented study deals with the history of liturgical objects which were considered to be a part of the sacred arsenal of Constantinople during the Avar siege in 626. The sacred relics played an important role in Constantinople. Some of them were used in the liturgical processions as important palladia and carried round the city walls. The eye-written sources, however, reveal that it was only an acheiropoieton (not-hand-made) portrait of Christ which was used in the liturgical procession during the Avar's attack. Other famous relics (True Cross, Virgin's robe and the icon of Hodegetria) were carried in the procession only in the later sieges of Byzantine capital. According to the author their use during the Avar siege is only a product of the later Byzantine hagiography.
6
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EPISTOLA AD PASCHALEM II PAPAM (DIPLOMATICKÝ ROZMER PROTIBYZANTSKEJ POLITIKY KNIEŽAŤA BOHEMUNDA Z ANTIOCHIE)

88%
Hurbanič M., Hrnčiarová D.
Konštantínove listy
|
2017
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
114 - 125
EN
The Epistola ad Paschalem II papam is the only preserved letter written in the context of the expedition led by prince Bohemond of Antioch against the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos in 1107 – 1108. This document, discovered and subsequently published in 1935 by Walther Holtzmann, is rightly considered the most important evidence of the increasing anti-Byzantine propaganda after the First Crusade. In the present paper, the authors focus on the textual tradition of this letter and the broader context and circumstances that led to its emergence. The second part of the paper consists of a comprehensive analysis of selected anti-Byzantine motives used in the letter and their subsequent comparison with other contemporary Latin reports containing anti-Byzantine propaganda.
7
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HISTORICKÉ POZADIE VZNIKU BYZANTSKEJ FILOZOFIE

75%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
|
2016
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
110 – 118
EN
The Byzantine culture had a significant influence on the Slavonic cultural context since the arrival of Constantine and Methodius to Great Moravia. Due to the impact of the Enlightenment movement in the 18th century, the history of the Byzantine Empire ended up on the periphery of scientific concern. The very same is true for Byzantine philosophy, which hardly receives any attention from Slovak philosophical circles, despite the fact that, in the 9th century CE, territory of present Slovakia won its place on the philosophical map of Europe as a part of former Great Moravia thanks to Christianizing mission of brothers Constantine and Methodius from Thessaloniki. The recent research revealed the unsubstitutable place of Byzantine philosophy in the history of European philosophical thought. The significant improvement was brought by Byzantinology, bringing the historical research to a turning point. However, the positive change in approach to historical and cultural contributions of Byzantine nations is not integrated in western philosophical awareness yet.
8
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MONASTIC IDENTITY OF CONSTANTINE THE PHILOSOPHER AND METHODIUS AND THE FIRST SLAVIC TRANSLATIONS OF ASCETIC TEXTS

75%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
|
2022
|
vol. 15
|
issue 1
3 - 10
EN
Before their arrival in Great Moravia, the Thessalonian brothers from Thessaloniki Constantine and Methodius lived in the Polychron monastery at Bithynian Olympus, which belonged to the most prominent monastic centres of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century. There, they became acquainted with the Byzantine Hesychastic tradition, which served as the foundation for their own work and which they passed down to their disciples. The relative shortness of Constantine and Methodius’ stay in Great Moravia precluded the organizing of a monastic way of life in this territory. For this reason, Byzantine Hesychastic tradition only entered the Slavic cultural space with the help of their pupils, who transposed it to the Bulgarian Empire, where first monasteries appeared in the 10th century and became the centres of spiritual and cultural life. The first Slavic translations of ascetic texts The Longer Responses and The Ladder of Divine Ascent are directly linked to the period of establishing the monastic way of life in Bulgaria, on which Constantine and Methodius’ disciples significantly participated. These texts would become the practical handbooks on ascetic way of life for monks. Byzantine monastic practice and ascetic tradition had a marked impact not only on monks, but also on pious laypeople. For them ascetic texts became the models of virtuous life.
9
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BENÁTKY A BYZANCIA V 5. – 9. STOROČÍ (VZÁJOMNÉ SÚVISLOSTI)

75%
Lukáčová M.
Konštantínove listy
|
2017
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
180 - 189
EN
The time and place, where an important event in Slavonic history took place, was an impetus to write the referred article. That event was the dispute with the so called trilingualists in Venice in the year 867. Our goal is not to deal with this event in detail, but to use it as one of the factors which influenced and made relations and mutual connections between Venice and Byzantium over a broad time range. Except the mentioned factor we focus on the further factors of interferences between Venice and Constantinople (the Byzantine Empire). The time when Venice was founded was a period which is clearly and logically connected with the Byzantine influence and thus we deal with this phase of development too. Within the framework of the given topic and time we describe only some selected noticeable interwoven factors – e.g. the emergence of the so called Byzantine Venice and its circumstances, the status of Venice as an part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, the position of Venice in the conflict between Byzantines and Franks.
10
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ŠTÚDIUM BYZANTSKEJ FILOZOFIE V EURÓPE A NA SLOVENSKU

75%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
|
2017
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
3 - 11
EN
Increased interest in a systematic study of Byzantine philosophy study started to appear from the mid-20th century onward. The most influential figure that helped develop this area of research the most in its early formative years was V. Tatakis. Tatakis uncovered the great value of Byzantine civilization and became an inspiration for scholars who followed in his footsteps in France, Spain, Germany, Austria, Greece and elsewhere. The critical edition of Byzantine commentaries on Aristotle published during this time further supported a more complex scientific work in this field. Many unpublished philosophical texts from the Byzantine era wait their processing and publishing in a critical edition, which would make them available to be further examined, studied, and included in the corpus of Byzantine philosophy. The Byzantine thinkers created a cosmology that became foundational for the Byzantine anthropology. On the level of ontology, they introduced the term “person” (πρόσωπον), defined what later became an established terminology (in this field), and contributed to the philosophical interpretation of terms, such as essence (οὐσία), hypostasis (ὑπόστασις), nature (φύσις), energy (ἐνέργεια) and others. Byzantium had a significant impact on the territory of Great Moravia as well. By virtue of the writing, culture, and art that had been brought to our area by Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and Method, conditions for the development of culture in the Slavic environment were established.
11
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ZDROJ HODNÔT V KULTÚRNOM ŽIVOTE SLOVANOV

63%
Zozuľak J.
Konštantínove listy
|
2019
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
13 - 21
EN
Slavic script and Slavonic literature belong to the most important cultural values brought by Constantine-Cyril and Methodius to Great Moravia. The source of these values was the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its culture which significantly influenced the history of Slavic nations and their position within the European cultural space. The study discusses three historical documents which demonstrate the supremacy of the Byzantine Empire as a cultural centre viewed from the Slavs’ perspective and clarifies the process of reception of Byzantine cultural and spiritual values in Slavic countries. Although the Cyrillo-Methodian mission requested by Rastislav, the Duke of Great Moravia, failed to include Great Moravia permanently into the countries belonging to the Byzantine sphere of influence, the creation of the Slavic alphabet, the origins of Slavonic literature and the use of Slavic language in liturgy were the most efficient means to promote Byzantine influence on Slavic nations. Cultural legacy of the Cyrillo-Methodian mission moved to the South and Eastern Slavs who accepted Christianity of the Byzantine tradition and became the members of a large cultural community which was known in the language of Byzantium as οἰκουμένη (world). Many cultural elements which formed their value system became a part of their religious and everyday life.
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