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PL
Państwo jest odpowiedzialne za zarządzanie ryzykiem katastroficznym, które zagraża zasobom alokowanym zarówno w sektorze prywatnym, jak i w publicznym. Zarządzanie ryzykiem katastroficznym wymaga podjęcia kroków w kierunku rozpoznania tego ryzyka, zapobiegania jego realizacji, minimalizowania konsekwencji i organizowania funduszy koniecznych dla restytucji utraconych zasobów, co jest szczególnie istotne w kontroli ryzyka katastroficznego. Rozważenie źródeł finansowania ryzyka katastroficznego dostępnych dla państwa ukazuje, że wartościowym rozwiązaniem są rezerwy. Rezerwy zapewniają potrzebne środki, można je zorganizować w sposób, który zminimalizuje hazard moralny, i wykorzystywać jako swoistą "trampolinę" w kierunku rynków kapitałowych, a tym samym stwarzać dostęp do dodatkowych środków.
EN
The study concerns the role of information about the customer to ensure the safety of the bank lending. Its aim is to identify the key stages of effective information management in the difficult process of minimizing the bank's credit risk. Therefore identified: importance of obtaining financial, credit and economic information about borrower, the sources of this information, characteristics which should legitimize of useful information, the principles of proper bank's information system management and its computer system management, most of the information must, in fact, be computerized. Moreover, indicated important problems, decreasing in the current banks' practice, the efficiency of existing banks' information systems.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja koncepcji CSR i jej raportowania w sektorze bankowym, jak również identyfikacja nurtów badawczych w tym obszarze. Koncepcja CSR banków nie jest nowa, gdyż banki od dawna są postrzegane jako instytucje zaufania publicznego, co nakłada na nie szczególne obowiązki w zakresie społecznej odpowiedzialności. Społeczna odpowiedzialność banków objawia się w wielu obszarach ich działalności oraz jest odpowiedzią na potrzeby i oczekiwania pracowników, klientów, a także społeczeństwa, w którym funkcjonują. W świetle teorii legitymizacji ważne jest także raportowanie aspektów CSR. Ujawnienia CSR w sektorze bankowym są coraz bardziej popularnym obszarem badawczym w Polsce i na świecie. W obszarze tym można wyróżnić kilka nurtów badawczych.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the concept of CSR and its reporting in the banking sector as well as to identify research trends in this area. The bank CSR concept is not new, since long the banks have been perceived as institutions of public trust, which entails special obligations to society. Social responsibility of banks is manifested in many areas of their business and addresses the needs and expectations of employees, customers and the society in which they operate. In the light of the legitimacy theory, it is also important to report CSR aspects and to inform stakeholders about being socially responsible. CSR disclosures in the banking sector are becoming increasingly popular area of research in Poland and in the world. This area can be divided into several streams of research.
EN
The first purpose of the article is to identify a range of the term “to operate” (tofunction, to act) in the light of Polish banking law, because it provides a basis for thesubsequent consideration. It is worth to notice as a legal term, it is used solely in relationto cooperative banks and only in the title of the act regulating the cooperative banks’activity and organization (Act on the Operations of Cooperative Banks, their Affiliation, and Affiliating Banks of 7 December 2000). The second purpose of the research is an analysis of the changes in a cooperative banks’ operations in the context of its territorial or banking services limitations duringlast few years. Appraising the legal solutions author has tried to find an answer for thefew material questions. Why the legislator had amended the mentioned act? Had thechanges been a well thought-out or rather had it had of ad hoc nature? Is it still true to saythat cooperative banks can undertake activities for the benefit of local community under current regulation? The author tends towards the view that Polish legislator does notpursue any plan and he has no concept what role should cooperative banks play in Polishbanking system nowadays.
EN
Revenue bonds are financial instruments, which have been presented in the Polish legislation since 2000. However, the interest them from potential issuers, such as local governments and utility companies, is negligible. The development of revenue bonds market is dependent on many factors. One of them is certainly increased banks' interest in these securities. Banks are very active in the municipal bond market as issuing agents and investors, so it seems strange that they do not promote revenue bonds among potential issuers, who are characterized by financial credibility, often supported by the rating. Revenue bonds are a very useful source of financing issuer's investment requirements, providing the investor certain profit with low risk. Therefore, searching for new areas of activity, banks should take on the task of developing the revenue bonds market. It will be beneficial for the development of the domestic, non-Treasury debt securities market and the local economy, and thus for small communities. In the study drew attention to the weak development of revenue bonds market. The aim of the study is postulating to greater banks' activity in this area, because in Poland, the development of the financial market segment is often dependent on the scale of commercial bank's operations in this segment.
EN
The EU regulations concerning electronic money evolved heavily since the beginning of 21st century. The first e-money directive (EMD) was largely unsuccessful as an attempt to regulate this market, partly because of the unclear definition of the phenomenon. The second directive (EMD2) gives more freedom to the market participants and lowers the barriers of entry. Poland still has not fully harmonised its internal rules with the EMD2. It affected negatively the development of electronic money in Poland, forcing the institutions to choose other forms of activity. The expected changes in e-money regulations will form an impulse to the development of electronic money systems. The local entities however will face strong competition from outside the country and will have to find their own market niches. The most lucrative e-commerce niches are already occupied by large multinational schemes, so the most successful way to win the market will be based on innovation.
PL
Zasadnicza treść artykułu jest skoncentrowana na tematyce ryzyka występującego we współpracy podmiotów rynku finansowego, a w szczególności we współpracy podmiotów bankowych i ubezpieczeniowych w ramach bancassurance. Bancassurance jest obszarem szczególnie istotnym, gdyż charakteryzuje się szybkim tempem rozwoju i wysoką innowacyjnością, co często jest powiązane z występowaniem szczególnego typu ryzyka. Podstawowym dylematem, na którego rozstrzygnięcie jest nakierowana treść opracowania, jest wskazanie, czy szczególny rodzaj działalności prowadzonej według specyficznych zadań przez banki i ubezpieczycieli wspomaga, czy też przeciwnie utrudnia zarządzanie ryzykiem charakterystycznym dla współpracy podmiotów w ramach bancassurance. Analiza ryzyka charakterystycznego dla procesów współpracy bankowoubezpieczeniowej w ramach bancassurance dotyczy kilku obszarów. Kluczowe obszary obejmują ryzyko wyboru partnerów tworzących związek bancassurance, możliwość transferu ryzyka pomiędzy sektorami ubezpieczeń i bankowości, ryzyko wzmacniania oraz interferowania w ramach związku bankowo-ubezpieczeniowego ryzyka specyficznego dla każdego z sektorów objętych współpracą, a także ryzyko pogorszenia wizerunku rynkowego jednego z uczestników bancassurance w następstwie negatywnych skutków działań drugiego kooperanta. Uwzględniając istotę ryzyka, warty zauważenia jest fakt, iż jednym z głównych powodów tworzenia związków ubezpieczeniowo-bankowych jest dążenie współpracujących podmiotów do osiągnięcia dodatkowych zysków, co powoduje, że wzrasta poziom ryzyka zaburzeń procesów dystrybucji produktów w ramach bancassurance. Dążenie do osiągnięcia oczekiwanego poziomu sprzedaży usług bancassurance w bankowych kanałach dystrybucji generuje z kolei ryzyko niedopasowania oferty bancassurance do rzeczywistych potrzeb klientów banków, co negatywnie wpływa na satysfakcję klientów z korzystania usług zarówno banku, jak i ubezpieczyciela. Wyniki analizy poszczególnych aspektów bancassurance wskazują też, że pomimo wielu zalet tego rodzaju rozwiązań związki bankowo-ubezpieczeniowe mogą się przyczynić do rozprzestrzeniania zagrożeń pomiędzy sektorami bankowym i ubezpieczeniowym, powodując negatywne konsekwencje zarówno dla procesów zarządzania współpracujących podmiotów, jak i dla klientów tych podmiotów.
PL
Działalność operacyjna to podstawowy rodzaj działalności banku, której celem jest wygenerowanie zysku. Głównym centrum zysku są operacje aktywne, a ich realizowanie jest uwarunkowane posiadaniem kapitału w odpowiedniej wielkości. Wymusza to na bankach podejmowanie decyzji dotyczących finansowania ich działalności, biorąc pod uwagę koszty oraz ryzyko, które jest uzależnione od indywidualnych decyzji deponentów, a także niekorzystnych zmian makroekonomicznych mających wpływ na zachowanie rynków finansowych. Ryzyko finansowania wpływa na płynność banku, której odpowiedni poziom jest koniecznym, wymaganym przez KNF, warunkiem bezpiecznego jego funkcjonowania. Dlatego też bank powinien zarządzać nie tylko posiadanymi aktywami, ale także dostępnymi kapitałami w taki sposób, aby optymalizować ich strukturę pod względem wartości, rodzajów i terminów wymagalności. Artykuł ma na celu analizę źródeł finansowania banku z punktu widzenia ekonomicznych uwarunkowań ich wyboru, w kontekście minimalizacji ryzyka występującego przy jego finansowaniu.
PL
W polskim systemie bankowym określono istotne normy o charakterze ilościowym oparte przede wszystkim na parametrach obliczonych na podstawie funduszy własnych i wymogów kapitałowych. Jedynym, a zarazem podstawowym parametrem określającym wypłacalność banku świadczącym o jego płynności jest współczynnik wypłacalności, przy obliczeniu którego wykorzystuje się właśnie wartość funduszy własnych i wymóg kapitałowy. W pierwszej części niniejszego opracowania omówiony zostanie sposób wyliczenia tych parametrów, rozpoczynając od omówienia składników funduszy własnych banku poprzez określenie wymogu kapitałowego na wzorze na współczynnik wypłacalności kończąc, który w swojej konstrukcji łączy te elementy. Pozwoli to na zbudowanie fundamentów dla analizy współczynników wypłacalności polskich banków w latach 2008-2010, która zostanie przeprowadzona w kolejnych częściach niniejszej pracy.(fragment tekstu)
EN
This paper analyses banks' capital adequacy ratio for selected "polish" banks with international ownership relations, using data from their annual reports. The main topic of the article concentrates on the identification of specific risk associated with the bank activities in connection with international ownership relations and financial crisis started in 2008. One of the primary factor determining safety of bank activities is mentioned above capital adequacy ratio. In the first part of the paper, the way of capital adequacy ratio calculation and its components will be described in the light of polish banking law. Afterwards, based on this regulatory, selected banks' operating in Poland capital adequacy ratio analysis in the years 2008 - 2010 will be performed. Presented problem will be deliberate in the light of international ownership relations and international financial crisis in banking sector.(original abstract)
EN
The author presents the concept of user-driven innovation and discusses its possible application in banking. The aim of the paper is to assess the potential introduction of a new model of cooperation between banks and their clients in Poland. Social issues provide a background for this study.
EN
The relations between entrepreneurs and banks are constantly changing. It results from the changes in the economic environment as well as the development processes taking place in enterprises. Banks are for the enterprises the main source of investing and turnover capital, at the same time stimulating their development. To some extent banks also add to the system of their internal control and warn against the enterprises' inefficient decisions. By fulfilling these functions they become, both directly and indirectly, institutions backing the economic development on the macroeconomic scale. In this article, a trial to identify and assess the big enterprises' expectations towards banks have been undertaken. The results of the research indicate the directions of changes which the banks should follow in order to fully match their offer with the needs and expectations of their corporate clients. The correctness of these relations and mutual satisfaction, supported by the realization of business, guarantees the development of enterprises and complies with the interests of national economy.
EN
External environment appoints bordes of activities of commercial banks, but particularly, regulations, clients preferences and growing competition of institution outsider of bank. Changes of modern financial market result from liberalization, globalization of market and growth of the risk, have determined the direction of banks development. Banks which don't want to lose the leadership position on financial market are still functioning as financial intermediary and also dedicate themselves for management in area of rendering accessible distinctly which is increasingly moving in the direction of the liquidity management of their customers, both in the provision of a capital and investment surpluses. In carrying out these tasks in addition to traditional banking operations banks are using modern capital market instruments, which are substitutionary and complementary to the existing range
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EN
One of the foundations published by European Commission for banking union, is fairly controversial conception of foundation within its structure common banking supervision (so-called banking uniform mechanism) performed by European Central Bank. Expected contribution of new institution is to increase financial security of European banks, restore confidence to financial sector and protect it against successive crisis. The aim of this paper is to present the main points of contention for planned project including: supervision location within EBC structure, reduction of non-EURO countries role to the observers in new supervision board of directors, inaccurate roles of future supervision and subjective scope of its actions. It has been also attempted to answer the fundamental question: if creation of banking union is possible in coming years, taking into consideration an import rank of dilemmas mentioned in the paper and others as well (joint guarantee fund, joint rescue fund) for all European Union members which are defending national interests and present different positions in that case.
EN
Controlling is a management support that provides relevant information for decision-making. The article examines the implementation of controlling in the commercial banks that operate in Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, and Montenegro. The aim of the paper is to determine the level of development of controlling as one of fundamental management function. The study is focused on the relationship between accounting and controlling. The role of accounting as an important source of business information is explored in this context. The empirical results show that the cooperation between accounting and controlling leads to the provision of wider scope of accounting information for higher controlling performance.
PL
Controlling stanowi wsparcie systemu zarządzania poprzez dostarczanie odpowiednich informacji dla celów decyzyjnych. Artykuł przedstawia implementację controllingu w bankach komercyjnych funkcjonujących w Bośni i Hercegowinie, Chorwacji oraz Montenegro. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie związku pomiędzy poziomem rozwinięcia systemu controllingu a realizacją podstawowej funkcji zarządzania. W opracowaniu skupiono się na relacji pomiędzy rachunkowością a controllingiem. Przedstawiono system rachunkowości jako ważne źródło informacji biznesowej. Część empiryczna prezentuje wzajemne oddziaływanie rachunkowości i controllingu przekładające się na możliwość wykorzystania szerszego zakresu informacji generowanych przez system rachunkowości do lepszego funkcjonowania controllingu.
EN
Contactless payments are considered to be one of the most significant innovations that have emerged recently in the retail payments market. Their appearance can not only change consumers' payment habits but can also have an impact on the market competition. The purpose of this paper is to identify drivers of growth of contactless payments as well as to show how and to what extent they influence this growth. The analysis proved that the market success of contactless payments depends upon determinants of different nature: some of them are connected with special features of the retail payment market; another group of factors is concerned with payment providers and merchants and their requirements, while other factors result from consumers' expectations. The key success factors regarding contactless cards and proximity mobile payments are not parallel. Therefore the major challenge for the contactless payment market is to create a clear business model (including an adequate pricing strategy) which will respect interests of all the market players.
EN
The article undertakes the issue of financial innovations implemented in banks. The practice shows that banks must have the ability in creating changes to develop and maintain a highly competitive position in the market. The source of these changes is financial innovation, which is characterized by a high level of modernity and competitiveness. Taking into account the complexity of the issues discussed, the article focuses on the benefits that are associated with financial innovations in terms of creating bank competitiveness.
EN
Observing recent events in Cyprus and the resulting financial turmoil, appeared considerable doubts as to whether troubled banks and their subsequent insolvency will not cause a complete collapse and bankruptcy of national economies. In addition, difficulties in recovering complex deposits or take financial resources in bank branches undermine the authority of the banks. Therefore, based on the experience of the United States and Europe in the article tries to answer the following questions: if the credibility and confidence in the banking has been actually violated and whether banks can be still treated as institutions of public trust? Relying on numerous examples can be concluded that although the banks on the basis of the theory are treated as institutions of public trust, nowadays are no longer 100% reliable and do not enjoy so much confidence as before.
EN
Contemporary banks are concerned as specially responsible for financial crisis. Common disappointment of their functioning comes especially from deeply grounded doctrine of special role, banks play in economy. It states, that independently from their purely commercial goals, banks should also be the entities of public trust. That role imposes special duties and obligations on banks, which were not always fulfilled for last years. The image of public trust is based on multidimensional safety structure. One of its pillars could be labelled as "forced trust" and is supported with the set of regulations. As a main institutional source of international banking regulations, the Basel Committee could be considered. Main regulations prepared with that body are known as Basel I, Basel II and Basel III. All of them made a great impact on the culture of banking risk management and invoked an awareness of various types of dangers banks are exposed to. At the same time however, it could be proved, that evidently positive impact of regulations is accompanied also by negative ones. In many cases banking regulations initiated such an unwanted phenomena as "regulatory arbitrage" or "negative selection". In a paper some aspects of that darker side of basel regulations are presented in chronological order.
EN
The goal of this article is the analysis of the money laundering phenomenon in banking system. There were tested the theory of crying wolf and informational Laffer curve assumptions by using linear regression. It was made the verification of variables influenced on the number of suspicious transactions reports. Statistically insignificant variables are indicators: the value of fines which can be imposed on banks in case of failure to comply with obligation to report suspicious transactions and threshold transactions to GDP per capita. There is a positive relationship between the shares of costs for the implementation of anti money laundering regulations to the total operating costs and negative influence current expenditures on the volume of suspicious transactions.
EN
Available funds might be invested both in the capital market and in the bank. While the risk of investing in the capital market is well-known and widely discussed, investing funds in the bank rarely draws attention to the risk of capital loss due to the bank's insolvency or its bankruptcy. However, global financial crisis has shown that it is a mistake. Through the analysis of published financial statements, it is possible to get to know the bank's financial condition and avoid the risk of insolvency. Moreover, it is also possible to use the ratings published by the independent rating agencies that provide information about the banks' financial condition and by giving them to the public, make easier the optimal financial decisions, particularly in the investment area. The main aim of the study is to present the role of credit rating agencies in process of evaluating banks' financial conditions and their importance in investment decisions of potential customers.
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