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EN
This article is devoted to the history of Russian hypsometric and geographic investigations of the northern part of China, Mongolia, Manchuria, the Amur and the Ussuri region in the 19th century. The article is based on the analysis of numerous sources from the Russian State Historical Archive, St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences, Russian National Library, the Library of the Shanghai Zikawei Observatory. The article's methodological framework is objectivity concept, systematically of scientific analysis of archival materials. The considerable attention is paid to H. Fritsche's, Palladius's, N.M. Przhevalsky's and other expeditions. The detailed analysis of a new systematic mapping of the northern part of China, made by the Russian scientists is given. The role of the Beijing Magneto-meteorological observatory in Beijing, as the part of the Russian Academy of sciences, is specially noted. The author considers in details the political and socioeconomic conditions of expeditions.
Horyzonty Polityki
|
2012
|
vol. 3
|
issue 5
131-159
PL
This article is an empirical analysis of modern Sino-Russian Economic and Political Relations based on past events and present data. This issue has recently been an important question for many scholars. Both countries became neighbours only in 17th century, but the history of their mutual relations is much deeper. At a time when China is rising and its position in world affairs is getting stronger, analysis of its foreign policy towards its neighbour is extremely interesting. On the other side of the fence, a former great power, is becoming less important on the world stage: its actions may be important for the worldwide community. This analysis covers political relations, connections and ties in present times. It also explains some cultural obstacles in a hard way to achieve equilibrium in the relations. The part which covers economic relations tries to prove, that the trade imbalance is in China’s favour and that common border issues are extremely significant for both countries. Last but not least the importance of energy cooperation and the obstacles in building common pipeline are covered.
RU
Цель статьи - оценить институциональные и правовые условия развития социальных предприятий в Китае путем анализа действующих национальных положений, косвенно касающихся этих субъектов, местных пилотных схем и действующих в них систем аккредитации социальных предприятий, а также сформулировать рекомендации лицам, принимающим решения, относительно дальнейших необходимых мер по развитию социальных предприятий. Проведенный анализ позволил сделать несколько ключевых выводов. Китай находится на ранней стадии внедрения институциональных и правовых решений, важных для развития социальных предприятий. Отсутствуют национальные законы и политика, регулирующие статус и функционирование этих организаций. Национальные положения о некоммерческом праве и законе о компаниях косвенно касаются социальных предприятий. Дополнительный набор правил необходим для учета гибридной организационной формы социальных предприятий. Кроме того, необходима всесторонняя оценка существующих институциональных и правовых механизмов, реализованных в рамках местных пилотных схем (в Чэнду, Шунде-Фошань, Шэньчжэнь, Пекин). Они обеспечивают основу для национального законодательства и политики в отношении социальных предприятий. Проблема по-прежнему заключается в недостаточном понимании концепции и важности социального предпринимательства лицами, принимающими решения на государственном уровне.
EN
The aim of the article is to assess the institutional and legal conditions for the development of social enterprises in China by analyzing the current national provisions, indirectly relating to these entities, the local pilot schemes and the accreditation systems of social enterprises operating within them, as well as to formulate recommendations to decisionmakers concerning further necessary measures for the development of social enterprises. The analysis carried out has drawn several key conclusions. China is at an early stage in the implementation of institutional and legal solutions which are important for the development of social enterprises. There are no national laws and policies regulating the status and functioning of these entities. The national provisions on non profit law and company law relate indirectly to social enterprises. A complementary set of rules is needed to take account of the hybrid organisational form of social enterprises. In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the existing institutional and legal arrangements implemented under local pilot schemes (in Chengdu, Shunde-Foshan, Shenzhen, Beijing) is needed. They provide the basis for national legislation and policies relating to social enterprises. Insufficient understanding of the concept and the importance of social entrepreneurship by decision-makers at the government level can be considered problematic.
EN
In 2019, during the summer semester, the Architecture Faculty of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University and Tsinghua University School of Architecture in Beijing organized design workshops as a part of the cooperation between the two institutes. The topics of the workshops entailed the need to find urban and architectural solutions as a response to Beijing’s economic and cultural transformations. Under the guidance of the academic staff of their universities, Polish and Chinese students developed conceptual projects to revitalize three selected urban areas in the Chaoyang district in Beijing: Ritan Park, Yabaolu Street, and the Nanxiapo Mosque area. One semester was scheduled to work on design work. The results of the workshops were demonstrated on June 2019 at the Architecture Faculty of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, also attended by Chinese students and their project coordinators. The article aims to analyze the experiences from the didactic work, compare the effects of Polish and Chinese students’ design solutions, identify differences between cultures and approaches to the project, and to present the results.
PL
W ramach współpracy Wydziału Architektury i Sztuk Pięknych Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego z Tsinghua University School of Architecture w Pekinie zorganizowane zostały polsko- -chińskie warsztaty projektowe, które odbyły się w semestrze letnim w 2019 r. Tematami były zagadnienia wynikające z transformacji ekonomicznej, gospodarczej i kulturowej Pekinu, w konsekwencji implikującej konieczność znalezienia nowych rozwiązań urbanistyczno-architektonicznych. Polscy i chińscy studenci pod kierunkiem kadry naukowej swoich uczelni opracowali koncepcyjne projekty rewitalizacji trzech wybranych obszarów miejskich w dzielnicy Chaoyang w Pekinie: Ritan Parku, ulicy Yabaolu i obszaru meczetu Nanxiapo. Na prace projektowe przewidziano jeden semestr. Efekty warsztatów zostały zaprezentowane w czasie przeglądu prac w czerwcu 2019 r. na Wydziale Architektury i Sztuk Pięknych KAAFM, który chińscy studenci odwiedzili wraz ze swoim koordynatorem projektu. Celem artykułu jest analiza doświadczeń zgromadzonych podczas pracy dydaktycznej, porównanie efektów rozwiązań projektowych polskich i chińskich studentów, określenie różnic wynikających z odmiennych kultur i podejść projektowych oraz przedstawienie uzyskanych rezultatów.
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