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Ashapurna Devi’s “Women” – Emerging Identities in Colonial and Postcolonial Bengal

100%
Chattopadhyay S.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
75-95
EN
Kobiety w pisarwstwie Ashapurny Devi – wyłanianie się nowych tożsamości w kolonialnym i postkolonialnym Bengalu. Ashapurna Devi, a prominent Bengali woman novelist (1909–1995) focused on women’s creativity and enlightenment during the colonial and postcolonial period in Bengal, India. She herself displayed immense will power, tenacity and an indomitable spirit which enabled her to eke out a prominent place for herself in the world of creative writing. Her life spanned both colonial India and independent India and these diverse experiences shaped her mind and persona and helped her to portray the emerging face of the enlightened Bengali middle-class woman. Her writings trace the evolution of the Bengali woman as an enlightened and empowered individual struggling against the shackles of discriminatory norms imposed upon her by society. She traces the extremely conservative upbringing that the female members of her generation were subjected to and goes on to show how different individuals responded to these structures in different ways. Some would comply unquestioningly, some would comply simply because they did not dare to protest, while others would break free and find their own niche in the outside world. These issues are addressed by Ashapurna Devi in many short stories as well, but a critical analysis of her trilogy Pratham Pratisruti (1964), Subarnalata (1967) and Bokulkatha (1974) enables us to experience this struggle against a gradually unfolding backdrop where India moves on from being a British colony to an independent country. The trilogy traces the life of three generations of a family — Satyabati, Subarna and finally Bokul and establishes Ashapurna Devi as a path-breaking champion of women’s emancipation in an era when such endeavours were few and far between.
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Między rajem bengalskiej wsi a więzieniem miejskich murów: natura i kultura w twórczości Dźibonando Dasza

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Rokicka W.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2012
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issue 1-2(241-242)
81-92
EN
The article examines the dichotomy of culture and nature in the poems and short stories of the Bengali writer Jibanananda Das (1899–1954). The revolutionary changes in Indian economy and society in the 19th century created a new man – a city dweller, who received Western-style education and believed in progress, modernity and individual success. Das was one of the first victims and critics of that change. Forced by the pressure of social norms and then the political turmoil of Partition to leave the countryside of East Bengal for the city life, he remains nonetheless one of the most famous eulogists of Bengali nature and the severest critics of modern European civilization. However, as the article aims to prove, first and foremost Das was the first Bengali existentialist seeking the truth about human nature, death and god in the world of changing values and moral relativism.
3
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Peopling an Unaccustomed Earth with a New Generation: Jhumpa Lahiri’s Supreme Fictional Journey into Human Conditions

86%
Saxena N. B.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
129-150
EN
Zaludnianie nieoswojonej ziemi nową generacją: Jhumpy Lahiri niezwykła podróż w głąb ludziej natury. Using a theoretical framework derived from my ongoing engagement with what I have called a ‘Gynocentric matrix’ of Indic sensibility, along with James Hillman’s polytheistic psychology and Wallace Stevens’ notion of a Supreme Fiction, this paper offers a reading of Jhumpa Lahiri’s (b. 1967) short stories beyond postcolonial criticism. Stemming from a depth consciousness where life, living and death, joy, indifference and sorrow, generation, de/re-generation, and transformation are intricately intertwined, Lahiri’s fictional multiverse, opposed to universe, is peopled by a new generation of characters who speak to the soul of the reader, while in the process, she sculpts a reality that does not tolerate any homogenizing impulse in the name of an abstract unity.
4
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Obraz Europy i Indii końca lat 20. XX wieku w relacji z podróży Annadashankara Raya „W drodze i na obczyźnie”

86%
Rokicka W.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2019
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issue 2 (270)
147-156
EN
Annadashankar Ray’s travelogue Pathe prabāse chronicles the life of an Indian (Bengali) in England and his travels around Europe in late 1920s and it is one the finest examples of travel writing in Bengali in the 20th century. With its rich descriptions of landscapes, everyday life, social order and political phenomena, it creates a consistent image of Europe and paradoxically also paints a certain image of India at the same time. This article aims to analyse such an image and reaches the conclusion that, despite the political changes in India at that time and the rise of the independence movement in particular, Ray’s travelogue depicts a deeply colonial image of the world and of the relationship between modern, technologically and socially advanced Europe and India that still has much to learn from much better developed nations.
5
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Similarities and Differences in Postcolonial Bengali Women’s Writings: The Case of Mahasweta Debi and Mallika Sengupta

72%
Knotková-Čapková B.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
97-115
EN
Podobieństwa i różnice w twórczości Bengalek w okresie postkolonialnym na przykłądzie Mahashwety Debi i Malliki Sengupty. The emancipation of women has become a strong critical discourse in Bengali literature since the 19th century. Only since the second half of the 20th century, however, have female writers markedly stepped out of the shadow of their male colleagues, and the writings on women become more and more often articulated by women themselves. In this article, I focus on particular concepts of femininity in selected texts of two outstanding writers of different generations, a prose writer, and a woman poet: Mahasweta Debi (b. 1926) and Mallika Sengupta (1960–2011). Analyzing Mahasweta’s female characters, I focus on the issue of the double marginalization of dalit tribal women; we can find here impacts of intersectional discrimination of class, gender and caste. Debi is very radical in her social criticism but is quite reluctant to accept the label of feminism. Mallika, on the other hand, represents a movement among the female writers of her generation that openly declares her support for feminist ideologies, which can be demonstrated on some of the examples referred to here. Another important strand of Mallika’s constructions of femininity are archetypal images — mythological metaphors of femininity (in the Hindu context) which may in some cases be interpreted in accordance with difference feminism, in others as a critique of the essentialized and dichotomous concepts of masculinity and femininity. While Mahasweta’s emancipation drive is more deeply grounded in her field research and journalistic activism in the tribal areas she writes about, Mallika’s has been more strongly linked with the academia and has joined the theoretical feminist discourse. Through a close reading the women’s emancipation discourse of these two protagonists in Bengali literature, we can speak of a shift from a practical, concrete criticism, to a theoretically founded radicalism.
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Revolutionizing Agency: Sameness and Difference in the Representation of Women by Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain and Mahasweta Devi

72%
Mukherjee P.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
117-127
EN
Rewolucjonizacja działania: zbieżności i różnice w sposobie reprezentowania kobiet przez Rokeyę Sakhawat Hossain i Mahashwetę Devi. In this paper the sameness and difference between two distinguished Indian authors, Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain (1880–1932) and Mahasweta Devi (b. 1926), representing two generations almost a century apart, will be under analysis in order to trace the generational transformation in women’s writing in India, especially Bengal. Situated in the colonial and postcolonial frames of history, Hossain and Mahasweta Devi may be contextualized differently. At the same time their subjects are also differently categorized; the former is not particularly concerned with subalterns whereas the latter specifically focuses on the effect of race and class on gender. The quest for the ‘self’ and ‘subjectivity’ is more pertinent in the latter and consequently the appeal for agency is based on a crude power struggle. Hossain, a philanthropist who championed the woman question, believed that striving for equality should be a collective process which could be achieved by spreading awareness among fellow-inmates inhabiting the prison of patriarchy. Like Euro-American first-wave feminists, Rokeya advocated the necessity of education among women in order for them to be able to comprehend their plight and ‘awake’ for the cause. She addresses fundamental issues of feminism like education and the systematized claustrophobia within the domestic space. Whereas Mahasweta Devi, has been an activist writer who is regarded as the brand ambassador for the support of the marginalized, deprived and denotified tribes of India. It is her mission to provide succour to the marginalized sections, especially tribes from the Purulia district of West Bengal, like the Kherias and Shabars. As an activist writer she explores tribal life and allied socio-political issues which reflect their agony.
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