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PL
Sulh jest formą prawa obyczajowego dotyczącego polubownego porozumienia stron. Zasadniczo jest to ugoda dotycząca porozumienia pomiędzy zwaśnionymi lub pozostającymi w stosunkach neutralnych, ale nastawionymi na przyszłą współpracę ludźmi lub szerzej – grupami plemiennymi. Ugoda – sulh – istniejąca od wieków instytucja prawa zwyczajowego – posiada swoje zrytualizowane formy. Jedną z tych form opisano na przykładzie ugód z rejonu Tobruku w Libii.
EN
Sulh is the form of custom law which refers to an amicable agreement between parties. Generally speaking, it is an agreement which refers to people or, in a broader context, tribal groups who are in conflict with each other or who are neutral to each other or who look forward to future collaboration. The agreement, sulh, which is an institution of custom law which has existed for centuries, has its ritualised forms. One of these forms was described on the basis of the agreements concluded in the Tobruk area in Libya.
PL
Leff to instytucja prawa zwyczajowego stosowana do zawierania sojuszy i aliansów politycznych. Przyjmuje się że powstała ona w okresie wczesnego średniowiecza w XI w. n.e. Autor artykułu wykazuje, że dzięki analizie tekstu źródłowego z kroniki el- Bekriego można znaleźć na obszarze istniejącego we wczesnym średniowieczu emiratu Nekôr ślady stosowania tego prawa zawierania sojuszy już w IX w. n.e.
EN
Leff is the institution of custom law which was applied to conclude political partnerships and alliances. It is assumed that it was established in the early Middle Ages in the 11th c. AD. The author of the article demonstrates that thanks to an analysis of a source text from al-Bakri one may find traces of the use of this law of concluding alliances as early as in the 9th c. AD in the Nekôr emirate that existed in the early Middle Ages.
PL
The Berbers, an indigenous people of North Africa, belong to the group of “nations without a state.” For centuries, they were marginalized by the Arab majority or manipulated by European colonizers. Since the mid-twentieth century in North Africa, a movement for a Berber and Pan-Berber identity has been growing strongly. The movement has disseminated the neologism “Amazigh” as the endoethnonim of this group of peoples. The process of building (creating) a Berber identity has been slightly different in Morocco (where the stabilizing role of the monarchy has been highlighted) and in Algeria (where it has taken more violent forms). With the rise of Berber self-awareness in North Africa and the activity of the Berber diaspora in Europe (mainly in France), civil society organizations (associations) were established in Morocco and Algeria to defend the rights of the Berber minority. After many attempts and despite the resistance of Arab elites the Berber language and culture were recognized by the state authorities as equivalent to the Arabic component of the Algerian and Moroccan identity. State institutions (the Institut royal de la culture Amazighe–the IRCAM–in Morocco, and the Haut Commissariat à l’Amazighité–the HCA–in Algeria) were established for the revitalization of the Berber culture and language (tamazight).
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