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The exhibition “Village and Small Town” and the “Borderland Town” in Biłgoraj. Rescuing memory or falsifying the history of an image of a Polish traditional landscape

100%
Tejszerska A.
Architectus
|
2021
|
issue 1(65)
39-48
EN
The aim of the article is the presentation and critical assessment of a development called “The town on the trail of cultures” or “Borderland Town” currently created in Biłgoraj. The main subject of the research is a contemporary composition, which is a free interpretation of historical architecture, in many respects far from factual credibility, but aspiring to be a tourist and cultural destination. The idea of building these houses and commercial properties was to replicate the traditional wooden small-town architecture of the region. Alongside them, of great interest to tourists, are replicas or copies of historic public buildings and places of worship, characteristic of the ethnic diversity of the eastern areas of the First and Second Polish Republic. The emerging district was evaluated in the context of the role of architecture in building local and national identity and the danger, from an educational point of view, of falsifying history. The architectural form and urban layout of the project, as well as its ideational premises was analysed. Special attention was paid to the noble objectives that accompanied the creation of the complex, and their convergence with the intentions of the architects who a century ago shaped the forms of the Polish national style. At the same time, the negative consequences of creating a peculiar hybrid of a historicizing but still contemporary composition and a kind of open-air museum, which should be characterized by reliable compliance with the facts, were shown. This type of procedure has led to creating an illusion of an authentic historic settlement, its falsification and popularisation of a distorted image of an historic town. The work was based on in-situ studies as well as analyses of archival illustrations and textual material and research into the authentic, historical architecture of the region, which was to serve as a model for the designed complex.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i wieloaspektowa, krytyczna ocena realizowanej obecnie w Biłgoraju inwestycji określanej mianem „miasteczka na szlaku kultur” bądź „miasteczka kresowego”. Przedmiotowe założenie to współczesna kompozycja stanowiąca wolną interpretację zabudowy historycznej, pod wieloma względami daleka od faktograficznej wiarygodności, a pretendująca do roli destynacji turystyczno-kulturowej. Mieszkaniowo-usługowe założenie, nawiązujące zewnętrzną formą do tradycyjnej drewnianej małomiasteczkowej architektury regionu, uzupełniane jest – stanowiącymi atrakcje turystyczne – replikami bądź kopiami historycznych obiektów użyteczności publicznej i kultu, charakterystycznych dla etnicznego bogactwa wschodnich obszarów I i II Rzeczypospolitej. Powstający kompleks oceniono zarówno w kontekście roli architektury w budowaniu tożsamości lokalnej i narodowej, jak i niebezpieczeństwa zafałszowania historii na płaszczyźnie edukacyjnej. Analizie poddano formę architektoniczną, układ urbanistyczny i ideowe przesłanki założenia. Zwrócono uwagę na szczytne cele towarzyszące powstaniu kompleksu i ich zbieżność z zamierzeniami architektów kształtujących przed stu laty formy polskiego stylu narodowego. Jednocześnie wykazano negatywne konsekwencje kształtowania swoistej hybrydy historyzującej, ale współczesnej kompozycji z rodzajem skansenu, który powinna cechować rzetelna zgodność z faktografią. Tego typu zabieg doprowadził do stworzenia iluzji autentycznej zabytkowej osady, falsyfikacji oraz popularyzacji zniekształconego obrazu historycznego miasta. Poza analizą in situ, w pracy wykorzystano archiwalny materiał ilustracyjny i tekstowy oraz wyniki badań autentycznej historycznej zabudowy regionu, która stanowić miała wzorzec projektowanego założenia.
2
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50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E

80%
Macocha D.
Studia Litteraria et Historica
|
2020
|
issue 9
PL
Bogato ilustrowany tekst stanowi opis wstępny instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej Dominiki Macochy - pokazuje zamysł tej pracy, proces jej powstawania i proponowane interpretacje. Na końcu zamieszczony jest link do filmu Tajemnica leśnego jeziorka.
EN
This richly illustrated text is a descriptive introduction to Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation, detailing the idea behind the work, the process of its creation, and its suggested interpretations. The file is concluded with a link to the film The Mystery of Forest Lakelet.
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Kierownicy i szefowie Powiatowego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego / Powiatowego Urzędu do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego w Biłgoraju oraz ich zastępcy – portret zbiorowy, modele kariery

80%
Dudek J.
Aparat Represji w Polsce Ludowej 1944–1989
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2022
|
issue 20
680-713
EN
The article presents a collective portrait of those who headed the District Office for Public Security in Biłgoraj between 1944 and 1956. It describes elements such as geographical origin, age, social background and social status, education, nationality, and religion. Attention was paid to political activity. The careers of successive managers and heads of the District Office for Public Security in Biłgoraj and their deputies are characterised. The officers described were mostly from the Lublin region, they were raised and grew up in a rural environment, and usually finished their education at the primary school level. Most of them did not acquire secondary education until the late 1950s and early 1960s. Statistically, they assumed the position of manager/head or deputy head of the District Office for Public Security in Biłgoraj after the age of 30. Except for individual cases, working for the repressive apparatus meant social advancement for them compared to the pre-war period. For most of them, working in the Security Service was the only professional activity in their life. Their promotions were between district and provincial structures. Only one person was promoted to a managerial position at the headquarters of the Ministry of Public Security/Committee for Public Security.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano portret zbiorowy osób, które w latach 1944–1956 kierowały PUBP/PUdsBP w Biłgoraju. Opisano takie elementy, jak pochodzenie geograficzne, wiek, pochodzenie społeczne i stan społeczny, wykształcenie, narodowość, wyznanie. Zwrócono uwagę na działalność polityczną. Scharakteryzowano przebieg karier kolejnych kierowników i szefów PUBP/PUdsBP w Biłgoraju oraz ich zastępców. Opisywani funkcjonariusze pochodzili przeważnie z Lubelszczyzny, wychowywali się i dorastali w środowisku wiejskim, a kształcenie zakończyli najczęściej na etapie szkoły powszechnej. Wykształcenie średnie najczęściej zdobywali dopiero na przełomie lat pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych. Stanowisko kierownika/szefa lub jego zastępcy PUBP/PUdsBP w Biłgoraju statystycznie obejmowali po 30. roku życia. Poza jednostkowymi przypadkami praca w aparacie represji oznaczała dla nich awans społeczny w porównaniu z okresem przedwojennym. Większość przez cały okres aktywności zawodowej służyła tylko w bezpiece. Drogi ich awansów przebiegały między strukturami powiatowymi i wojewódzkimi. Tylko jedna osoba awansowała na stanowisko kierownicze w centrali MBP/KdsBP.
4
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Teorie dotyczące powstania i początków prawosławnej parafii pw. św. Jerzego Zwycięzcy w Biłgoraju

80%
Dmitruk S.
ELPIS
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2013
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vol. 15
147-151
EN
The text is analysis of the theory beginning Orthodox parish in Biłgoraj in XVI century. Author analyzed city map ofBiłgoraj. Study is related to the history of Orthodox diocese in Chełm.
5
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Kapliczki przydrożne z Nadrzecza. Studium historyczno-społeczne

70%
Garbacz K.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2018
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issue 1
99-125
PL
Nadrzecze – nieduża wieś położona w powiecie biłgorajskim – zainteresowało autora artykułu za sprawą fotografii z czasów II wojny światowej, przechowywanych w jego rodzinnym archiwum, a przedstawiających proces zbierania, suszenia i transportu ziół z suszarni w Nadrzeczu i Rapach Dylańskich do hurtowni „Społem” w Biłgoraju. Wśród tych zdjęć jedno przedstawiało starą drewnianą kapliczkę kłodową. Jego autorem, a także wielu innych zdjęć przedstawiających nieistniejący już pejzaż drewnianej wsi Nadrzecze, był poznański przyrodnik Stefan Alwin. Odkrywając historię tej i kolejnych nadrzeczańskich kapliczek, autor opisuje dramatyczne okoliczności ich budowy i urządzania w trakcie zaborów oraz późniejsze zabiegi o ich przetrwanie. Los kapliczek kłodowych splótł się z losem powojennych osiedleńców wsi Nadrzecze, wśród których w latach 90. XX w. znaleźli się aktorzy warszawskiego Teatru Polskiego i założyciele Fundacji „Kresy 2000”, Alicja i Stefan Szmidtowie. To za ich sprawą zabytkowe kapliczki kłodowe zostały uratowane przed zniszczeniem, a jedna z nich znalazła schronienie w nowo wybudowanej kaplicy, w której też znalazły miejsce obrazy Jerzego Dudy-Gracza z cyklu przedstawiającego Drogę Krzyżową.
EN
Nadrzecze – a small village located in the Biłgoraj district – has attracted the interest of the author of the article through a series of WWII-era photographs from his family archive, depicting the process of harvesting and drying of herbs and the transportation thereof from the drying plants in Nadrzecze and Rapy Dylańskie to the “Społem” wholesale outlet in Biłgoraj. One of these pictures showed an old shrine made of a hollowed-out wooden log. The author of this picture – as well as of many others portraying the landscape of the wooden village of Nadrzecze from the past – was Stefan Alwin, a naturalist from Poznań. In exploring the history of this and many other wayside shrines of Nadrzecze, the author describes the dramatic circumstances surrounding their construction during the period of the Partitions of Poland as well as the subsequent efforts to ensure their survival. Their fate became intertwined with that of the post-war settlers who came to live in Nadrzecze, among whom were Alicja and Stefan Szmidt, the actors from the Polish Theatre in Warsaw and the founders of the “Borderlands 2000” Foundation. It is due to their efforts that the old log shrines have been saved from oblivion, with one of them being relocated to a newly-built chapel, standing today among a cycle of paintings by Jerzy Duda-Gracz depicting the Way of the Cross.
6
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The Catholic-National Cauldron

70%
Macocha D.
Studia Litteraria et Historica
|
2021
|
issue 10
PL
Niniejszy list jest odpowiedzią Dominiki Macochy na dyskusję redakcyjną opublikowaną w numerze 9 (2020) „Studia Litteraria et Historica”, w której udział wzięli Elżbieta Janicka, Konrad Matyjaszek, Xawery Stańczyk, Katrin Stoll i Anna Zawadzka. Dyskusja poświęcona była pracy video-rzeźbiarskiej Dominiki Macochy pt. 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. Dyskusja ta skłoniła artystkę do spojrzenia na swoją pracę z nowej, krytycznej perspektywy oraz do sprecyzowania kwestii podniesionych przez dyskutantów. List Dominiki Macochy jest także świadectwem jej zaangażowania w sprawy lokalnej społeczności, żyjącej do dziś w cieniu Polaków, którzy z własnej inicjatywy mordowali Żydów w czasie Zagłady. Macocha opisuje współczesne wysiłki poszczególnych aktorów sytuacji, w tym gminy Biłgoraj, podejmowane w celu ukrycia historycznego faktu mordowania Żydów przez członków lokalnej społeczności. List zamyka refleksja na temat odpowiedzialności artystki wobec faktu, że głęboka zmiana systemu symbolicznego jeszcze się nie dokonała.
EN
This letter is a response by Dominika Macocha to the discussion between Elżbieta Janicka, Konrad Matyjaszek, Xawery Stańczyk, Katrin Stoll and Anna Zawadzka about her video-sculptural installation work “50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E” published in Studia Litteraria et Historica 9 (2020). The discussion has enabled the artist to look at her work from a new perspective, to reflect on it in a critical way and to clarify central issues raised by the discussants. The letter is a testimony to the artist’s engagement with the local community which until today lives in the shadow of those Poles who, on their own initiative, murdered Jews during the Shoah. Macocha reveals the current efforts undertaken by several actors, among them the community of Bilgoraj, to cover up the historical fact of the murder of Jews carried out by members of the local population. The letter closes with a reflection on the responsibility of the artist in view of the fact that a revolution of the symbolic system has not yet occurred.
7
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Zmienne losy starego cmentarza w Biłgoraju

70%
Garbacz K.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2016
|
issue 2
219-257
PL
Zabytkowe cmentarze są świadectwem dziedziczonej z pokolenia na pokolenie pamięci o przodkach. Niestety, część z nich została w XX w. zdewastowana i ograbiona z wielu elementów kamiennej architektury nagrobnej. Do tej grupy założeń należy stary cmentarz w Biłgoraju, w województwie lubelskim, założony przed końcem XVIII w. Jego użytkowanie zakończono około 1880 r., ale prawne zamknięcie nastąpiło dopiero w 1959 r. W ciągu kilkudziesięciu lat pozbawiony opieki cmentarz uległ tak daleko posuniętej degradacji, że w 1982 r. zarejestrowano tylko trzy nieuszkodzone wolno stojące nagrobki kamienne; pozostałe przetrwały jedynie we fragmentach. Zniszczeniu uległa też część drzewostanu. W 1977 r. cmentarz został wpisany do rejestru zabytków, dziesięć lat później powstało założenie projektowe lapidarium. Próby ratowania biłgorajskiego cmentarza zbiegły się z czasem ogólnej dyskusji na temat stanu zachowania nekropolii w Polsce i szybko postępującego ich niszczenia, zarówno przez wandali, jak i wskutek decyzji władz administracyjnych, nakazujących likwidację tych już nieużytkowanych. Na przykładzie biłgorajskiego założenia autor starał się pokazać wieloletni proces powojennej destrukcji jednej z tych nekropolii, które bez uszczerbku przetrwały czasy okupacji hitlerowskiej.
EN
Old cemeteries are evidence of the memory about ancestors inherited throughout generations. Sadly, in the 20th century, some of them were devastated and robbed of many elements of stone tomb architecture. In this group is the old cemetery in Biłgoraj, Lublin Voivodeship, established in the late 18th century. Its use was discontinued ca. 1880. However, it was not legally closed until 1959. Within several decades, without care, the cemetery fell into such advanced degradation that in 1982 only three undamaged, free-standing tombstones were registered; others survived only in fragments. Some of the trees were destroyed as well. In 1977, the cemetery was entered into the register of historic sites; ten years later, the design of a lapidarium was created. Attempts to save the Biłgoraj cemetery coincided with general discussion on the state of conservation of necropolises in Poland and their quickly advancing degradation, both by vandals and as a result of decisions made by administrative authorities who order liquidation of the disused ones. On the example of the Biłgoraj complex, the author attempted to illustrate the years-long process of post-war destruction of one of these necropolises, which survived the period of Nazi occupation without harm.
8
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Los rodziny Antoniego Mysakowskiego w pierwszym roku Wielkiej Wojny

61%
Garbacz K.
Ochrona Zabytków
|
2015
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issue 1
43-75
EN
For the author of this publication, the hundredth anniversary of the outbreak of World War I became an opportunity to look at its first dozen moths in the south of the Lublin Land in the context of both military activities and the fate of civilians on the example of the family of the exiled Antoni Mysakowski, an organist from Huta Krzeszowska. The article was written on the basis of available publications referring to military activities in that area as well as unpublished family archives from early 20th century. The sources comprise the letters and documents confirming the imprisonment of Antoni Mysakowski by Russians in 1914 and his exile to Siberia, as well as parts of the diary of his daughter Janina, containing, among others, short reports from the front and its back-up in the territory of the southern Lublin Land – the places where she stayed with her family at that time. As the registers of births, marriages and deaths specify, the family of Antoni Mysakowski was connected with the Lublin Land from at least the 18th century, initially with the region of Chełm and Krasnystaw. Jan Mysakowski, the grandfather of the author of the diary, came with his family to Huta Krzeszowska which, at that time, was located in the district of Biłgoraj, around 1880. Their son, Antoni, spent many years in Huta with his wife, Stanisława nee Nowakowska. In 1894, their daughter, Janina, was born there. When the war broke out, Janina Mysakowska stayed in the area of Zwierzyniec and Szczebrzeszyn. When she stayed in the forester’s lodge in Nowiny near Nielisz, she found herself in the area of fights between the Austrian 4th Army of General Moritz von Auffenberg and the Russian 5th Army of General Pavel von Plehve. At that time, between 26 August and 2 September 1914, there was a great battle, referred to as the Battle of Komarów. Janina recollects the fights of 28 August. At that time, Eugenia Dominiowa nee Aleksiewicz (1872-1917), the wife of a clerk employed with a local sugar factory lived in Klemensów, where ordinate Zamoyski had his residence. In her diary, she described the military activities in Klemensów and in other places in the southern Lublin Land. Parts of that diary were published in 1938 in “Teka Zamojska”. Antoni Mysakowski’s family, staying in the area of Szczebrzeszyn, did not know his fate or the fate of other inhabitants of Huta Krzeszowska after the Austrians had marched into the area. It was only after her return home in 1914, when the Austro-Hungarian army was forced behind the San, that Janina got to know that her father had accepted the Austrians’ proposal to take over the post of a head of the village and, as a result, he was arrested by Russians. Janina described briefly the situation in Huta, where Russian troops were deployed permanently, she mentioned the fights by the San river which lasted over three weeks, until the Russians had crossed the river. At that time, the situation of Antoni Mysakowski, which was subject to military jurisdiction, was dramatic. After the proceedings conducted in April 1915 in the Dęblin Fortress, he was brought to the prison in Lublin, from where he was to be exiled. Some of the letters addressed to him, as well as the notes of his daughter Janina, were written in that period. After his departure, Antoni lost contact with his closest family remaining in the Lublin Land – his ailing parents, his wife, exhausted with pregnancy and labour, and all his children, of which one died when he was in prison. In May and June 1915, there were fierce fights in the region of Nisko between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian forces. Janina recollects them in some parts of her diary written in Huta Krzeszowska. The Austrian-German forces which, at the beginning of May 1915 began their offensive in Galicia and managed to break off the Russian front near Gorlice, forced the Tsar’s forces to withdraw from the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. In the territories which the Russian army was leaving, the evacuation of civilians began. During the evacuation, which comprised the inhabitants of eastern provinces, not only the state property, Russian offices and officials with their family were taken away. There were cases of mass expelling of people from villages and towns and destroying everything that could not be taken to Russia. The expelled civilians were exiled to Russia. Janina writes about it in her diary. The following pages of the diary describe the war-time experiences of the family, written from the end of June 1915 during the stay at the forester’s lodge in Nowiny near Nielisz. For the second time, Janina had to spend dramatic days under the rain of gun and cannon bullets. She writes about the fights of enemy armies, in this case, from the position of Austro-Hungarian and German armies fighting with Russian forces. The offensive of the allied forces under the command of General Mackensen ended at the end of July and resulted in defeating the Third Russian Army in the territories to the south of Lublin. Another stop during the wartime journey of Janina Mysakowska and her family was a village Zawadki near Susiec, where, among others, her grandfather, Jan Nowakowski, stayed. The author of the diary gives a brief account of the news from the front. Some of the information was brought by Austrian soldiers, who were still deployed in Zawadki as late as in September 1915. At the end of August, those exiled to Russia began to return, among others, to Huta Krzeszowska and other places near Biłgoraj. They were those who stayed behind the Bug River, in Volhynia, that is, the closest to the area they lived in. More people began to return as late as in mid-September, mainly those from the Lublin Land and those who were relatively close to the home country. Those who were taken far into Russia either died of hunger and epidemics or returned later, since they had to travel longer distances. In October 1915, after wandering during the war for several months, Janina with her family returned to Huta Krzeszowska. In 1918, the mother, Stanisława, died after a long illness and, two years later, a chronic disease resulted in the death of the author of the diary. Antoni Mysakowski, expelled to Siberia, settled in a small village Prospichina near Achinsk. As his situation was dramatic, he was helped by one of the organizations active in Russia – the Central Citizens’ Committee. His return to the homeland became possible as late as in September 1923. After that, he lived for 25 years, since he died in 1948 in Biłgoraj. He was buried in a local parish cemetery, near the place where, years before, his wife and daughter, the author of the diary, had been buried. The family of Antoni Mysakowski was one of hundreds Polish families which experienced trauma during the Great War. Presenting their history in the light of the war-time events was possible mainly thanks to preserved family documents and the recollections of Jadwiga, one of Antoni’s younger daughters, who died a short time ago.
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