Search results

1

Nonequilibrium landscapes and nature conservation in the Białowieża Forest

100%

Kowalewska A.

Polish Journal of Landscape Studies

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2019

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vol. 2

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issue 4-5

107-114

EN

Traditional conceptualizations presume that landscape and nature in general are characterized by a striving for balance. In consequence, environmental protection chiefly consists in conservation of the existing state, without making allowances for the dynamic changes caused by vital processes taking place in those landscapes, human and non-human alike. The current dispute concerning the protection of the Białowieża Forest is nothing but an upshot of the differences between the involved with respect to what should be protected on top of how it should be done. This study outlines the problems deriving from conceptualizations of nature and landscape as static entities and comes forward with a proposal of conceiving landscape not as an “image of the land”1 but a corporeal experience of being in a space, on which climate change, civilizational and social transformation, political decisions, and bark beetles all have their impact.

2

Tourist traffic in the Białowieża Forest in the light of research

100%

Jalinik M.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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issue 473

247-256

EN

Tourist traffic is a socio-economic phenomenon and it has its specific features. The increase in the pace of life has its consequences mainly in the ways of organizing free time, and it has to do with a good rest. Many definitions and classifications of tourist traffic can be found in the subject literature. The intensity of tourist traffic varies in different seasons of the year. It should be noted that in addition to the proximity of the place of residence, qualities of the natural environment have been the main motive to come to the Białowieża Forest. This has been due to such factors as the attractiveness of the area, geographic location, international events and historical conditions. Therefore, the stay in the area of the Białowieża Forest focuses mainly on its exploration, experiences, leisure and entertainment. Studies have shown that there is a clear trend towards shortening the length of stay, and a few weeks’ holiday trips to one place have a tendency virtually to disappear. At the same time, weekend trips in summer and winter are growing in popularity.

3

PUSZCZA BIAŁOWIESKA W LITERATURZE DZIECIĘCEJ PRZEŁOMU XX I XXI WIEKU

75%

Nosek A.

Ars inter Culturas

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2016

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issue 5

255-264

EN

The article presents the motif of the Białowieża Forest in the literature for children at the turn of the 21st century. The writers use the literary topos of the foresthome in their description of this place, they idealize the presented world and point out not only the values of nature but also the axiological and existential ones. Writers build the literary myth of the forest as mother-nature, in which the main place belongs to the bison. The Białowieża Forest has got its own storytellers, who create fabulous stories, full of universal as well as regional and borderland elements. Contemporary works with the motif of the Białowieża Forest in literature for children also helps readers shape a positive and responsible attitude towards nature.

4

Stawka większa niż las

71%

Szaj P.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

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2020

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vol. 8

342-355

EN

More than forest at stake [Book review – “O jeden las za daleko. Demokracja, kapitalizm i nieposłuszeństwo ekologiczne w Polsce” (A forest too far: democracy, capitalism and ecological disobedience in Poland), red. Przemysław Czapliński, Joanna B. Bednarek, Dawid Gostyński, Książka i Prasa, Warszawa 2019, ss. 365]

PL

Stawka większa niż las [Recenzja książki: „O jeden las za daleko. Demokracja, kapitalizm i nieposłuszeństwo ekologiczne w Polsce”, red. Przemysław Czapliński, Joanna B. Bednarek, Dawid Gostyński, Książka i Prasa, Warszawa 2019, ss. 365]

5

Żubry i Puszcza Białowieska we francuskim piśmie popularnonaukowym La Nature

63%

Daszkiewicz P., Samojlik T.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

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2018

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vol. 27

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issue 1(52)

117-123

EN

In 1873, Gaston Tissandier (1843-1899) founded the journal La Nature- Revue des sciences et de leurs applications aux arts et à l’industrie, which for one century was one of the most important scientific popularization magazines in Europe. We analyzed articles from this journal with the subject of European bison and Białowieża Forest. These articles contain interesting information, particularly for the history of biology. They allow to assess the knowledge about European bison during the last years of the existence of populations in Białowieża Forest and in Causasus mountains, as well as at the beginning of bison reintroduction process in 1920s. Despite the journal’s popular science approach, these articles are original and often reference little-known sources. Among the authors we fi nd renowned biologists and scientifi c journalists but also people related to the Tsar’s forest administration. The articles published by La Nature allow to identify and analyze several topics of natural sciences such as interspecific hybridization, acclimatization, «regeneration of the blood», the analogies between the European bison and the American bison. It is also an interesting testimony of the beginning of modern species and habitats conservation. If allows to retrace the epoch’s thoughts about the reasons behind the disappearance of species and design of the reconstruction of European bison population.

6

Napoleon, Białowieża Forest and the Last Bison from Transylvania

63%

Daszkiewicz P., Samojlik T.

Echa Przeszłości

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2014

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vol. 15

67-73

7

Osada kultury ceramiki kreskowanej z produkcją żelaza na Polanie Berezowo w Puszczy Białowieskiej

63%

Olczak H., Krasnodębski D., Samojlik T., Jędrzejewska B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2018

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vol. LXIX

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issue 69

149-175

EN

The archaeological sites Leśnictwo Podcerkiew 1, 2 and 3 are located in NE Poland, in the southern part of the Białowieża Forest. They are situated within the Białowieża Forest District (departments 544D, 545C, 577B and 578A), in the area of the so-called Berezowo Clearing and its neighborhood (Fig. 1, 2). Archaeological excavations were conducted in 2004–2005 by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw in cooperation with the Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Białowieża. In total, an area of 68 m2 was explored. Sites 1 and 2 were explored in five designated areas (nos. 1–5) covering the central and northern parts of the clearing and a modern charcoal kiln at its periphery (Fig. 3). Remnants of a large settlement with traces of iron production were discovered there. Most of the surface was covered by a layer of arable soil up to 0.3 m thick, and an underlaying brown and fuscous cultural layer measuring 0.1 to 0.35 m in thickness (Fig. 4:b.c, 5:b–d, 6:c). The excavations unearthed several pits and putative postholes (Fig. 4, 5), as well as remains of three shaft furnaces used for iron smelting (Fig. 6:a.b, 12–14). One of the most interesting features is the large pit 12. In the examined part it measured about 1.75×1.35 m and was about 1.55 m deep. It was probably used as a storage pit (Fig. 5:a–c, 10). Several small potsherds, single flints and a few fragments of daub, slags and bones were found in its fill. The remains of iron smelters found in the northern part of the settlement were shaped as circular or slightly oval pits with cylindrical cross-sections, measured about 0.4–0.5 m in diameter, and were 0.2–0.3 m deep (Fig. 6:a.b, 12–14). The remains of clay lining on the walls of the slag-pits were preserved in two of them (features 65 and 67). Based on the size of their slag-pits (approx. 0.25 and 0.30 m in diameter), these features belong to the category of small furnaces, similar to the type Kunów from the Center of Metallurgy in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (K. Bielenin 1973, table 9 and p. 73; 1992, p. 75–77). During the excavations, 308 fragments of prehistoric pottery, obtained mainly from the arable and cultural layers, were found at the settlement (Table 1, Fig. 7, 11). Most of the assemblage consists of small and eroded body sherds, usually no more than 5 cm long. Vessels were made of ferruginous clay tempered with crushed stone and usually fired in oxidizing atmosphere. Various types of finish have been observed on the surface of the walls (Table 1): smoothing (44.5% of the sherds), hatching (25.6%), roughening (15.9%) and burnishing (14.0%). In addition to pot fragments, the assemblage also contains fragments of tableware with burnished surfaces. Most of the vessels were not decorated, and ornamentation was found on a few sherds only (Fig, 11:8.11). The remaining artefacts include a fragment of an iron knife from the cultural layer with a preserved length of approx. 8 cm and a partial tang (Fig. 9:1), and an object made of a bovine bone (Fig. 9:3). A fragment of a cylindrical spindle whorl with a diameter of approx. 3 cm was found on the surface of the site (Fig. 9:2). In addition, 19 flint artefacts dating from the end of the Late Paleolithic or Mesolithic period to the Early Iron Age (Fig. 8) were found during the excavations. During the excavations, several hundred fragments of reducing slags, a by-product of iron smelting, as well as slagged parts of furnace shafts were collected. Most of them were found in the fills of the slag-pits of furnaces 65 and 67. Chemical composition was analyzed for 38 samples (Table 2). Based on the contents of iron trioxide and silica, fayalite slags with icicle structure, so called “gromps” (splinters, flakes), and slagged fragments of furnace walls were identified. A botanical analysis was conducted on 46 charcoal samples (Table 3). Taxonomic identification showed the presence of charcoal from seven tree species, with a clear dominance of pine, both among samples taken from furnaces (67%) as well as from other features and the cultural layer (56%). A radiocarbon dating of three charcoal samples taken from the remains of bloomeries 62 (Poz-13154) and 67 (Poz-13156), and the sterile soil near feature 67 (Poz-13157) was conducted (Fig. 15). The dating of the pine charcoal from furnace 67 yielded a result of 1970±30 BP. The actual age of the sample is in the range of 50 BC–90 AD (with a probability of 95.4%) and 1–70 AD (with a probability of 68.2%). The charcoal of an unspecified species from feature 62 provided the date of 2280±35 BP, with bimodal probability distribution, which allows, which allows to include the real age of the sample in the years 410–340 BC or 310–200 BC (with a probability of 95.4%), and 400–350 BC or 290–230 BC (with a probability of 68.2%). The characteristic features of the archaeological material, mainly the different types of finish on the surface of the ceramic vessels, allow for associating the discovered artefacts with a local group of the Hatched Pottery Culture. The occupation of the settlements at the sites Leśnictwo Podcerkiew 1 and 2 can be limited to the 4th/3rd century BC –1st century AD. The few bone fragments found in the cultural layer show that in addition to iron production and hunting (deer bones), the inhabitants of the settlement also engaged in animal husbandry (bones of cattle and sheep/goat). Combining the results of archaeological and paleoecological research shows that the settlement of the local group of the Hatched Pottery Culture in the Białowieża Forest was dispersed. The population employed fire for deforestation of areas used for settlement and farming. Other occupations included hunting and animal husbandry, while bog ore deposits were used to produce iron in small slag-pit bloomeries. In 2005, a preliminary investigation took place in the area located about 200 m west of the Berezowo Clearing (site Leśnictwo Podcerkiew 3), where two designated areas were excavated (nos. 6 and 7, see Fig. 3). A brown cultural layer about 0.2 m thick as well as two putative postholes (Fig. 16) were found under the humus. 27 fragments of vessels dating to the Early Iron Age – Roman Period (Table 1, Fig. 17) and a stone tool (Fig. 18) were collected. The small scope of research does not allow to determine the cultural association of the remnants of the settlement discovered at this site, but it is very likely that it is contemporaneous with the settlement at the Berezowo Clearing.

8

Białowieża Primaeval Forest – a Conflict between the Polish Government and the European Commission

63%

Kmiecik Z. R., Furtak-Niczyporuk M., Grzywaczewski G., Kitowski I.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2023

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vol. 32

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issue 5

217-238

PL

W artykule opisano podłoże, genezę, przebieg i wynik sporu między Polską a Komisją Europejską, który toczył się w latach 2016–2018 o gospodarkę leśną prowadzoną w Puszczy Białowieskiej. Spór toczył się na dwóch powiązanych ze sobą płaszczyznach: przyrodniczej i prawnej. Główną osią sporu była różnica poglądów na to, jakie działania mogą przynieść skutek w walce z gradacją kornika drukarza, która w 2015 r. nastąpiła z wyjątkową intensywnością w Puszczy Białowieskiej, a także jakie działania byłyby najkorzystniejsze w kontekście zachowania rzadkich gatunków ptaków i owadów współtworzących faunę Puszczy. W artykule obszernie zaprezentowano argumenty podnoszone przez obie strony w postępowaniu przed Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, które uruchomione zostało skargą wniesioną przez Komisję Europejską. Jako komentarz do tych argumentów przedstawiono poglądy wyrażane w nauce odnośnie do pożądanych sposobów reagowania na okresowe gradacje kornika drukarza, celowości i skuteczności kwestionowanych przez Komisję Europejską działań gospodarczych oraz wpływu owych działań na stan podlegających ochronie siedlisk przyrodniczych, owadów i ptaków. Prawny wymiar sporu sprowadzał się do kwestii, jakie działania w zaistniałej sytuacji są dozwolone, nakazane bądź zakazane w świetle prawa polskiego i unijnego.

EN

The article describes the natural background, the origin, the course and the outcome of the dispute between Poland and the European Commission which was going on in the years 2016–2018 regarding the forest management performed in the Białowieża Forest. The dispute took place on two interrelated levels: natural and legal. The main axis of the dispute between the Polish government and the European Commission was the difference of views as to what actions would prove effective in the fight against the latest gradation of the bark beetle, which occurred with exceptional intensity in the Białowieża Forest in 2015, and what actions would be most beneficial in the context of preserving rare species of birds and insects that make up the fauna of the Białowieża Forest. The article presents extensively the arguments raised by both parties to the conflict in the proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union, which were initiated by a complaint filed by the European Commission. As a commentary on these arguments, the views expressed in the scientific literature as to the proper reaction in response to a recurrent infestation of the bark beetle, usefulness and efficacy of the active forest management operations questioned by the European Commission, as well as an impact of these operations on the conservation of natural habitats, insects and birds are presented. The legal dimension of the dispute boiled down to the question of what actions in the situation were allowed, required or prohibited under Polish and EU law.

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1 Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

1 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

1 Ars inter Culturas

1 Echa Przeszłości

1 Polish Journal of Landscape Studies

1 Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

1 Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

3 Samojlik T.

2 Daszkiewicz P.

1 Furtak-Niczyporuk M.

1 Grzywaczewski G.

1 Jalinik M.

1 Jędrzejewska B.

1 Kitowski I.

1 Kmiecik Z. R.

1 Kowalewska A.

1 Krasnodębski D.

1 Nosek A.

1 Olczak H.

1 Szaj P.

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