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EN
The present study deals with the evaluation of the management of Veľká Fatra National Park and its comparison with three other selected national parks of the Visegrád Four: Bohemian Switzerland National Park (Czech Republic), Bieszczady National Park (Poland) and the Bükk National Park (Hungary). The information about Veľká Fatra National Park was acquired through a SWOT analysis. The weaknesses and threats found following the SWOT analysis were further evaluated by an analysis of the "force field" and a "problem analysis". The management applied in individual parks was evaluated through the expert system Integrated Protected Area Management (IPAM) with the aim to improve the present management. Another part of the examination is the evaluation of the environmental edification and of the consciousness of students of grammar schools and secondary schools, both in the region where the National Park is located and outside that region. The examination for this study was carried out between 2010-2014. A survey of the environmental consciousness and edification has been implemented in all surveyed countries and the tool of exploratory method was a questionnaire, which was distributed to 1301 respondents. The survey managed to confirm the assumption that in some areas the level of environmental consciousness of the target group is very low. This situation is justified by the fact that schools do not have a precise definition in what form and to what extent attention should be paid to this field. Another reason is the insufficient cooperation between schools and National Parks.   References: Beregszászi, P. (1995). Štúdia k pojmu cestovný ruch orientovaný na životné prostredie. In: Ekonomická revue cestovného ruchu, Banská Bystrica: Ekonomická fakulta UMB, 72–79. [In Slovak] Guziak, G. (2012). Elementy środowiska w zadaniach szkolnych. Edukacja Biologiczna i Środowiskowa, 4(44), 132–139. [In Polish] Haas, M., Ondrová, E., Švajda, J. (2008). Environmentálna výchova/Environmental education. Žilina: University of Žilina. [In Slovak] Jungmeier, M., Kirchmeir, H., Kühmaier, M., Velik, I., Zollner, D. (2005). IPAM-Toolbox. Transnational Results (Expert System, Toolbox and Best Practice). Study commissioned by: Office of the Carinthian Government Dept. 20, Execution: E.C.O., Klagenfurt: Institute for Ecology Ltd. Kancír, J., Suchá, I. (2012). Environmentálna výchova u nás a v zahraničí – analýza súčasného stavu realizácie. In: Komplexnosť a integrita v predprimárnej, primárnej a špeciálnej edukácii. Košice: Vydavateľstvo Prešovskej univerzity, 261–267. [In Slovak] Keller, J. (2005). Soumrak sociálního státu. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství. [In Czech] Kohák, E. (2006). Zelená svatozář. Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství. [In Czech] Kopcová, O., Tuhárska, K. (2006). Ochrana prírody a krajiny. Nitra: Fakulta Prírodných Vied UKF. [In Slovak] Lesáková, D. (2004). Strategický manažment. Nitra: Hronský Beňadik. [In Slovak] Mosely, C., Reinke, K. (2005). The effect of teaching in an outdoor environmental education program on elementary pre-service teachers’ environmental education self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. In: B. Simmons (ed.), Preparing Effective Environmental Educators. Washington: NAAEE, 35–38. [In Slovak] Papula, J. (2005). Strategické plánovanie. Vybrané prednášky. Bratislava: Fakulta Manažmentu Univerzity Komenského. [In Slovak] Považan, R., Getzner, M., Švajda, J. (2014). Value of ecosystem services in Mountain National Parks. Case study of Veľká Fatra National Park (Slovakia). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(5), 1699–1710. Powell, R.B., Stern, M.J., Krohn, B.D., Ardoin, N. (2011). Development and validation of scales to measure environmental responsibility, character development, and attitudes toward school. Environmental Education Research, 17(1), 91. DOI: 10.1080/13504621003692891 Repiský, Ľ., Švajda, J. (2012). Hodnotenie webov národných parkov Slovenska. Enviro-i-fórum 2012: zborník príspevkov konferencie, odborné fórum o environmentálnej informatike, Zvolen, 12-13 jún 2012. Banská Bystrica: Slovenská Agentúra Životného Prostredia, 75–78. [In Slovak] Repka, P., Barabasz-Krasny, B., Możdżeń, K., Urban, P. (2014). Znaczenie bliskości parku narodowego w edukacji ekologicznej w Polsce i na Słowacji. Prądnik. Prace i Materiały Muzeum prof. Władysława Szafera, 24, 205–216. [In Polish] Sabo, P., Urban, P., Turisová, I., Považan, R., Herian, K. (2011). Ohrozenie a ochrana biodiverzity. Banská Bystrica: DALI – BB, s. r. o. [In Slovak] Stern, M.J., Wright, M.E., Powell, R.B. (2012). Motivating participation in national park service curriculum-based education programs. Visitor Study, 15(1), 28–47. DOI: 10.1080/10645578.2012.660840 Stern, M.J., Powell, R.B., Hill, D. (2014). Environmental education program evaluation in the new millennium: what do we measure and what have we learned? Environmental Education Research, 20(5), 581–611. DOI: 10.1080/13504622.2013.838749 Suchá, I. (2014). Súčasnosť mimoškolskej environemtálnej výchovy na Slovensku. Enviromagazín, 19(6), 16–17. [In Slovak] Szalatnyai, G. (2010). Porovnanie školského systému v Slovenskej republike a v Maďarskej republike so zameraním na stredné odborné školy. Trnava: STU v Bratislave, Materialovo-Technologická Fakulta. [In Slovak] Švecová, M. (2008). Skúsenosti z krajín EÚ. In: M. Švecová, K. Sásiková (eds.), Výchova k udržateľnému rozvoju v podmienkach škôl a jej manažment. Banská Bystrica: Fakulta prírodných vied UMB, 131–142. [In Slovak] Urban, P. (2009). Ako učíme ochranu prírody a krajiny alebo výučba ochrany prírody na Katedre biológie a ekológie Fakulty prírodných vied UMB v Banskej Bystrici. Chránené územia Slovenska, 78, 43–44. [In Slovak] Urban, P., Bitušík, P. (2015). Výučba ochrany prírody na Katedre biológie a ekológie FPV UMB v Banskej Bystrici a jej úskalia. Quaestiones rerum naturalium, 2(1), 89–100. [In Slovak] Vološčuk, I. (2005). Ochrana prírody a krajiny. Zvolen: Vydavateľstvo TU. [In Slovak] Vološčuk, I., Švajda, J. (2008). Ohrozenie prírodných systémov a vývoj koncepcií ochrany prírody, Integrovaný krajinno-ekologický manažment Tatranského národného parku. In Monografické štúdie o národných parkoch 7. Zvolen: Vydavateľstvo TU. [In Slovak] Weiland, I.S., Morrison, J.A. (2013). the integration of environmental education into two elementary preservice science methods courses: A content-based and a method-based approach. Journal Science of Teacher Education, 24(6), 1023–1407. DOI: 10.1007/s10972-013-9336-1
PL
Badania nad interakcją człowieka z jego otoczeniem to stosunkowo nowa dziedzina nauki z pogranicza geografii i socjologii. Część teoretyczna artykułu przybliża więc czytelnikowi problematykę percepcji. W części drugiej opisano sposób percepcji Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego przez turystów oraz dorosłych mieszkańców Bieszczadów i tamtejszych uczniów. Odwołanie się do podobnych badań przeprowadzanych przez autorkę w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym pozwoliło m.in. stwierdzić, że odwiedzający góry znają je dużo lepiej niż mieszkańcy, a parki narodowe, widziane oczami ankietowanych, są większe i bardziej puste niż w rzeczywistości. Niektóre z prezentowanych na wstępie teorii znalazły potwierdzenie w prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule badaniach.
EN
"Interaction between human beings and their environment is a relatively new science domain, placed between geography and sociology. Therefore, a theoretical part of this article aims at familiarizing the readers with perception issue. In the following part one can find a description of perception of the Bieszczady National Park by tourists, adult inhabitants and pupils from Bieszczady region. It is compared to the similar research conducted in the Tatra National Park. One of the findings is that tourists are better familiarized with the mountain geography than any other group. What is also interesting, people find national parks bigger and more empty than they are in reality. Some of the theories presented at the beginning of the article were confirmed by the author's reseearch."
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