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Bohemian Crown subjects in Polish province of the Order of St. Paul in 18th century

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Szpak J.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2019

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vol. 10

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issue 1

14-32

EN

The Order of St. Paul the First Hermit was granted the Pope’s approval of the religious community in 1308. To Poland, the Pauline Fathers were brought at the invitation of Władysław, the Duke of Opole. Altogether, there were twenty-two Pauline monasteries on the Polish territory, with the most important location of Jasna Góra in Częstochowa. Apart from Poland, the Order of St. Paul had influence also on the neighbouring lands of the Bohemian Crown; in the 18th century, there were 102 monks originating from those areas of the Polish Province. Most of them came from Silesia (58 persons) and Moravia (32 individuals), and entered the novitiate between 1761 and 1770 (20 individuals) and between 1721 and 1730 (15 individuals). Most of the monks came from Kroměříž in Moravia (4), Racibórz, Opole in Silesia (3 from each town), Nový Jičín in Moravia (4), Olesno and Wrocław in Silesia (3 from each town), Tarnowskie Gory, Frýdek in Silesia, Příbor and Olomouc in Moravia (2 from each location). When entering the novitiate, the age of the Bohemian Crown subjects were ranged between 16 and 48 years, with most of the candidates being 21 and 22 years old (25 individuals in total). The usual period of time spent in the monastery was between 31 and 40 years, and the average lifespan – 29 years. The monks of the Czech origin usually died at the age of 33–41 and 55–65. A vast majority of the monks were priests (71 individuals) and only 2 of them were secular monks. Friars coming from the Czech lands performed various functions and roles within the Order, like vicar general and definitor general, provincial definitor, prior, sub-prior, provisor and novice master. There was also a large group dedicated to the academic studies and musical composition, as well as various pastoral roles, like preachers, confessors, exorcists and chaplains.

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The uncrowned “Bohemian king” and his “bible” castle. Blatná as commisioned by the highest burgrave of Prague castle, Zdeňek Lev of Rožmitál, around the years 1520–1530

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Czechowicz B.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2023

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vol. 15

50-66

EN

This article presents a new interpretation of the ideological message of Blatná Castle after its expansion by Benedikt Ried, commissioned by Zdeňek Lev of Rožmitál around 1520–1530. The key to deciphering the biblical code of the residence of this powerful magnate is found in two columns standing in front of the castle façade, which have not been included in previous research. Their dilapidated state, as well as residually legible profile forms and ornaments, un equivocally point to their dating back to the time of Ried’s expansion. In the history of art, they are a well- known imitation of the bronze pillars of Jachin and Boaz, placed in front of the Old Testament Temple of Solomon. The expressive oriels of the part of the castle erected by Ried may be a reference to a diagram similar to a pentagram, often appearing on the pages of codices called the clavicula Salomonis. In the beginning, they contained the instructions of the great biblical king to his son Roboam. This is reflected in the family situation of the builder, as it is generally agreed that Blatná Castle was built by Zdeněk Lev in connection with the marriage of his son Adam. References to Solomon were quite common at the time, both at Prague Castle and at the residences of several Silesian dukes. They should not be surprising in the case of someone who, for more than 20 years (1507–1530), was the most important person in the state after the ruler (the highest burgrave of Prague Castle). Zdeněk Lev was a very active and influential politician with a Catholic orientation and nationalist, Bohemian disposition, who liked to moralize and judge and use biblical examples or episodes from Bohemian history.

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Bogusław X w Czechach. Nieznane wyobrażenie szczecińskiego księcia na zamku w Písku z 1479 roku

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Czechowicz B.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2020

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issue 1

23-39

EN

The purpose of this article is to identify an unrecognized so far figure in the gallery of the 15th-century European rulers painted on the wall of the representative hall of the royal castle in Písek, South Bohemia. This painting underwent a complete conservation treatment in early 19th century, but without intervention into its contents. It represents the King of Bohemia, Vladislaus II Jagiellon (his image on the eastern wall is preserved in rudiments) in a sub-local context (a cityscape of Písek), that of the estate society of the Bohemian Kingdom (coats of arms of Bohemian nobility, for the most part aristocracy), and in the Europe’s politic space. This latter purpose serve the images of the Bohemian rulers – two predecessors of Vladislaus II on St. Wenceslaus throne (Ladislaus the Posthumous von Habsburg and George of Poděbrady), his father Casimir Jagiellon, the ruler of Poland and Lithuania, and the King of France Charles VII – all of them are signed on the ribbon labels. The name of the last of them, as well as his image, are preserved partially – it is a ruler wearing a crown, with a griffin on the shield, and a fragment of the name “uslaw”. Undoubtedly, despite the crown on his head, it is the Szczecin Prince Bogislaw X Griffin. The article doesn’t explain the reasons why this image appeared there. It only outlines the political context which can account for this situation. In 1479 in Olomouc Vladislaus II concluded a treaty with Matthias Corvinus concerning a divided sovereignty in the Bohemian Crown. The Bohemian King from the Jagiellonian dynasty in Prague was gradually coming out of the international political isolation (although in 1479 he wasn’t still recognized by the Pope) and was building his political powerbase in Europe. One element of his politics, including the definite orientation towards the North, was his marriage per procura with Barbara Hohenzollern, daughter of margrave Albrecht Achilles, to whom Bogislaw X denied to pay feudal homage. The Szczecin Prince could search support from the Jagiellons, on whose court in Cracow he was raised. The question of the feudal relation of Pomerania to Brandenburg probably had to be confronted with the problem of the earlier feudal dependence of the feudal rule of the Hohenzollerns from the Bohemian Crown, de facto effective until 1415, de jure rather still in force as the Bohemian Crown Archive carefully kept documents which specified the obligations of the Hohenzollerns towards Prague. The Písek painting came into existence in the royal castle which, however, was at the time a collateral of the Bohemian aristocrat Lev of Rožmitál (Rosmital), brother of the Bohemian queen Joanna (wife of the Vladislaus II’s predecessor, George), who was an outstanding diplomat, member of a mission to France, pilgrim to the Holy Land, perfectly knowledgeable of the nuances of politics of that time. The painting demands deeper analysis in the light of the Prague politics oriented towards Brandenburg-Pomerania, as well as the Bohemian associations of the actions undertaken by prince Bogislav X, who was connected, as it turns out, to the Bohemian milieu not only by the bishop of Kamieniec Pomorski, Benedykt of Waldstein, who floruit after the painting was made.

PL

Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja nierozpoznanej dotąd postaci, którą umieszczono na ścianie reprezentacyjnej sali królewskiego zamku w Písku (południowe Czechy), w galerii piętnastowiecznych władców europejskich. Dekoracja ta powstała w 1479 roku, gruntownej konserwacji została poddana na początku XX wieku, jednak bez ingerencji w treść malowidła. Jego treścią jest bowiem ukazanie króla Czech Władysława II Jagiellończyka (wizerunek władcy na ścianie wschodniej zachował się szczątkowo) w kontekście sublokalnym (weduta Písku), społeczeństwa stanowego Królestwa Czeskiego (herby czeskiej szlachty, przeważnie magnaterii) oraz w przestrzeni politycznej Europy. Temu ostatniemu celowi służyły wizerunku władców czeskich – dwóch poprzedników Władysława na tronie św. Wacława (Władysław Posthumus z Habsburgów i Jerzy z Podiebradów), nadto jego ojca Kazimierza Jagiellończyka, władcy Polski i Litwy oraz króla Francji Karola VII – wszyscy oni są opisani na banderolach. Imię przedostatniej postaci znajdującej się na malowidle, jak i sam jego wizerunek, zachowane są częściowo – jest to władca w koronie, z gryfem na tarczy i fragmentem imienia „uslaw”. Niewątpliwie, chodzi o księcia szczecińskiego Bogusława X Gryfitę, choć nie był to koronowany dynasta. W artykule nie wyjaśniono przyczyn pojawienia się tego wizerunku. Naszkicowano jedynie kontekst polityczny, który może tłumaczyć tę sytuację. W 1479 roku Władysław II zawarł w Ołomuńcu układ z drugim królem czeskim, zarazem władcą węgierskim Maciejem Korwinem, w sprawie dwuwładzy w Koronie Czeskiej. Praski król czeski z dynastii jagiellońskiej powoli wychodził z międzynarodowej izolacji politycznej (choć w 1479 r. nadal nie był uznawany przez papiestwo) i budował swoje zaplecze polityczne w Europie. Elementem tej polityki, w tym silnego orientowania się na północ, był ślub króla per procura z Barbarą Hohenzollern, córką margrabiego Albrechta Achillesa, któremu Bogusław X odmawiał wówczas złożenia hołdu lennego. Szczeciński książę mógł szukać oparcia u Jagiellonów, na krakowskim dworze, gdzie się wychował. Kwestia stosunku lennego Pomorza wobec Brandenburgii musiała prawdopodobnie wynikać z dawnej zależności lennej, de facto obowiązującej do 1415 roku, de iure – wciąż chyba aktualnej, skoro w czeskim archiwum koronnym z pieczołowitością przechowywano w czasach Władysława II dokumenty świadczące o dawnych zobowiązaniach lennych Hohenzollernów wobec Pragi. Píseckie malowidła powstały na zamku królewskim, ale pozostającym wówczas w zastawie czeskiego magnata Lva z Rožmitala (Rosmital), brata królowej czeskiej Joanny (żony poprzednika Władysława II, Jerzego) i przedniego dyplomaty, m.in. uczestnika misji do Francji, pielgrzyma do Ziemi Świętej, człowieka doskonale zorientowanego w niuansach ówczesnej polityki. Dekoracja ta skłania do głębszego przeanalizowania brandenbursko-pomorskiego kierunku ówczesnej praskiej polityki, jak też czeskich asocjacji poczynań księcia Bogusława X, którego, jak się okazuje z czeskim środowiskiem wiązała nie tylko osoba biskupa kamieńskiego Benedykta z Valdštejna (Waldstein), który zresztą przybył na Pomorze już po powstaniu omawianego malowidła.

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1 Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

1 Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

1 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

2 Czechowicz B.

1 Szpak J.

1 2023

1 2020

1 2019

Bohemian Crown subjects in Polish province of the Order of St. Paul in 18th century

The uncrowned “Bohemian king” and his “bible” castle. Blatná as commisioned by the highest burgrave of Prague castle, Zdeňek Lev of Rožmitál, around the years 1520–1530

Bogusław X w Czechach. Nieznane wyobrażenie szczecińskiego księcia na zamku w Písku z 1479 roku