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EN
The integration process consists of European standards introduction in the education, science and technology, distribution of cultural, scientific and technical achievements in the European Community. Educational concept of consolidating the European educational community is creating European Higher Education, which is based on the principles of democracy and independence of universities, their academic and research autonomy, activation of the student’s and teacher’s mobility, preparing young people for active life in a democratic society and creating conditions for their professional career and personal development. The article deals with the preconditions of the European integration process, the stages of the Bologna process and it describes the contents of the main document of each stage. It was found out that after the signing of the Bologna Declaration a new phase of reform of the European higher education began, which presented a number of conferences and meetings. The author analyzes the key issues that were discussed at the conference. It is established that in the Bologna process and the integration of higher education in the European educational space in recent years, more attention is paid to the study of features of pedagogical education in developed countries. In this regard, some aspects of education system reforms in Turkey were defined, which has become a part of the Bologna process in 2001. In particular, we note that at the beginning of the XXI century Turkey tends to increase quality education that leads to some success in the cultural development of the country. The educational system of the country is in the search for an optimal fit between established tradition of Turkish higher education and the new challenges that are associated with the entry of the country into the world educational space. It is noted that to the aims of the higher education reform in Turkey belong: the development of undergraduate and master’s programs, increasing the number of double graduate, promoting the student’s and teacher’s mobility, the formation of a clear system of credits and the development of science and technology.
EN
Definition of Polish universities significantly differs from the world standards what is the result of different classification of scientific fields and disciplines. In order to approach higher position in world ranks, consolidation activities are recommended. The outcome of such activities should result in creation of “complete” universities offering interdisciplinary approach towards development of talents, research fields and academic ethos. Selected consolidation activities from Belgium, Denmark and Poland are discussed. Mobility of your researchers (postdocs) was also emphasized.
PL
Definicja uniwersytetów obowiązująca w Polsce znacząco odbiega od standardów światowych co wynika z zupełnie innego podziału dziedzin i dyscyplin naukowych. Szansą na zbliżenie się polskich uniwersytetów do światowych czołówek jest wdrożenie działań konsolidacyjnych w celu stworzenia kompletnych uniwersytetów, skupiających różnorodne dziedziny i oferujących interdyscyplinarne podejście do rozwoju talentów, kierunków badawczych i etosu akademickiego. Przedstawiono przykłady działań konsolidacyjnych na uczelniach w Belgii, Danii i w Polsce. Zwrócono również uwagę na znaczenie mobilności młodej kadry naukowej w ramach staży podoktorskich.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały główne kierunki przekształceń systemów szkolnictwa wyższego, mających zapewnić ich otwarcie na potrzeby rynku. W Europie Zachodniej proces ten został zapoczątkowany już w połowie lat sześćdziesiątych ubiegłego stulecia. Wprowadzane wówczas reformy rządowe stawiały sobie za cel ściślejsze powiązanie kształcenia na poziomie wyższym z potrzebami otoczenia, czemu miało służyć m.in. zróżnicowanie strukturalne studiów. Obok uniwersyteckich, powstawały sektory wyższych szkół zawodowych a drożność systemów miał zapewnić podział jednolitych programów uniwersyteckich na cykle, wieńczone stopniem bądź dyplomem. Reformy te przyniosły jednak ograniczone efekty. Deklaracja Bolońska stanowi bezpośrednie nawiązanie do wyznaczonych przed czterdziestoma laty kierunków zmian, tym razem podejmowanych w szerszym, europejskim wymiarze pod hasłem tworzenia warunków sprzyjających uczeniu się przez całe życie. Autorka analizuje przebieg procesu bolońskiego w dwóch płaszczyznach: pierwszej, określonej przez międzynarodowe porozumienie, i drugiej – lokalnej – sytuując Polskę na tle doświadczeń innych krajów.
EN
The paper presents the key directions of transformations taking place in Higher Education systems with the aim of opening those systems to market needs. In Western Europe, this process was initiated as early as in the mid 1960s. The governmental reforms introduced at that time sought to strengthen the connection between tertiary education and the needs of the surrounding environment, and to ensure the structural differentiation of Higher Education. Alongside universities, sectors of occupational colleges were established and the recognition of qualifications between schools at different levels was to be ensured through homogenous university programmes subdivided into cycles and ending with a degree or a diploma. However, the effects of those reforms turned out to be limited. The Bologna Declaration directly refers to directions set forty years ago, giving them a broader, European dimension and aiming to create conducive conditions for lifelong learning. The author analyses the influence of the Bologna process on two platforms: one determined by an international agreement and one determined locally representing Poland relative to other countries.
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