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EN
This article is an attempt to show the impact of participation in the religious communities of youth or lack thereof on the shape of their spiritual life with particular attention to the Holiness as central issues in Christianity. It is based on surveys, which have been carried out on 1841 students of recent classes in grammar schools in Lublin region in the year 2010. Research has shown that participation in various prayer communities is clearly acquiring religious knowledge, deepening involvement in parish life, raise awareness of the principles and truths of the faith, the development of  various  aspects  of  spirituality.  The  participants  of  prayer  groups  more  often  than non-participating  individuals  are  involved  in  a variety  of  religious  practices,  particularly  evident  in  the  case  of  a prac­tice  extra-curricular  activities.  Continuous  formation  of  spiritual  director  (confessor),  participation  in various forms of religious activity promotes the production of a conscious member of the Church. Therefore, belonging to the communities and movements surely helps in shaping involved and in­formed attitude of religious young man, but only few respondents belong to these groups. 
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The  unsustainable  consumption  has  many  negative  effects  which  should  be  reduced.  The  ecologization  of  consumption  is  one  of  the  available  solution.  It  is  achieved  for  example  by  organic  products  purchasing.  It  turns  out  that  “organic  product”  term  is  not  clearly  understood.  Referring  to  the  research  results,  author  points  out  the  differences  in  understanding  of  the  “organic  product”  term  depending  on  the  socio-demographic  characteristics  of  the  research  participants.  Responses  stressed  the  various  features  of  organic  product  –  free  of  chemical  substances,  natural  production,  safety  for  the  environment,  safety  for  human  health,  biodegradable  nature  and  marketing  trick.  The  author  presents  also  the  results  of  frequency  and  motives  of  organic  products  buying.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
Paper  focuses  on  civic  participation  and  its  disadvantaged  factors  in  civil  society  and  democratic life  in  new  democracies,  especially  after  long-term  deprivation  of  political  freedom.  I emphasize the  experiences  of  Central  and  Eastern  European  countries  or  the  post-communist  countries,  especially  the  Czech  case,  and  make  a comparison  with  Taiwan.  The  disadvantaged  factors  in  this  paper  at  least  involve  social  indifference,  corruption,  powerless  for  the  politics  and  no  trust  for  governments  and  the  general  society.  The  factors  of  development  in  politics  and  the  economy  do not  necessarily  guarantee  the  participation  in  civic  participation,  which  is  regarded  as  a prominent  component  of  civil  society  and  democracy.  There  are  still  many  other  factors  that  influence  the  consolidation  of  civil  society  and  democracy  in  the  new  democracies,  and  the  legacy  of  prior  regimes  is  one  of  the  most  decisive.  Due  to  the  degree  of  overall  political  and  social  control  during  the  period  of  authoritarian  or  communist  regimes,  people  removed  themselves  from  politics,  so  their  trust  in  politics  is  diminished.  When  confronting  the  bureaucratic  system,  people  become  powerless,  or  unwilling  to  concern  themselves  with  politics.  Therefore,  the  legacy  of  prior  regimes,  both  authoritarian and  communist,  consists  of  political  distrust,  a sense  of  powerlessness  and  political  indifference.  During  the  period  of  democratization,  corruption  is  also  a serious  problem,  and  corruption  often  brings  about  further  political  distrust  and  apathy  toward  politics.  Research  instruments  involve  international  surveys  including  ISSP  Citizenship  2004,  Taiwan  and  Czech  domestic  election  records  and  some  other  surveys  like  CVVM  in  the  Czech  Republic.The  examination  of  the  Taiwan  and  Czech  cases  confirms  the  negative  correlation  between  the  effects  of  prior-regime  legacy  and  civic  participation.  Those  who  have  high  levels  of  political  distrust,  sense  of  powerlessness,  and  political  indifference  are  more  unwilling  to  participate  in  civic  associations  and  actions  to  express  social  and  political  concerns,  and  tend  to  shy  away  from  civic  participation.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The  article  attempts  to  undertake  the  issues  of  multiculturalism  which  remain  actual  and  unsolved.  On  one  hand,  multiculturalism  is  acknowledged  as  an  unquestionable  social  phenomenon;  on  the  other  some  reject  its  existence  at  all.  The  main  emphasis  of  the  text  is  put  on  the  relation  we  –  they  so  as  to  prove  that  schema  is  still  very  much  present  in  so-called  open  societies.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The  basic  aim  of  this  article  is  the  analysis  of  factors  which  shape  the  process  of  implementation  of  social  research  directed  to  employers;  the  subject  of  these  studies  are  the  characteristic  of  the  demand  for  work  of  people  with  higher  education.  The  assumption  of  the  specificity  of  these  kind  of  studies  (social  rank  of  their  issues  and  abilities  of  application  of  acquired  knowledge  in  social-economic  and  educational  policies)  is  the  starting  point.  However,  the  main  place  is  occupied  by  relations  of  exchange  between  human  subjects  on  the  labour  market,  and  considerations  are  concentrated  on  the  importance  of  this  context  for  the  course  of  studies  and  achieved  results.  Representatives  of  employers  and  students  participate  in  the  research  process  in  double  roles.  Relations  that  result  from  the  fact  of  representing  the  part  of  the  demand  for  work  and  supply  (relation  of  value  exchange)  form  one  level;  the  other  is  the  participation  in  studies  (relation  of  information  exchange).  This  implies  a problem:  to  what  extend  the  context  shapes  the  way  respondents  and  interviewers  fulfill  their  roles,  how  the  communication  is  created  and  definitions  of  situation  are  formed.  Empirical  studied  conducted  by  the  author  in  1998  –  2010  in  Lublin  Province  constitute  the  basic  source  material.  The  projects  possessed  convergent  theoretical  and  methodological  assumptions.  The  analysis  corresponds  with  a current  trend  of  empirical  methodology  and  “good  practice”  in  social  studies.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
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