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Umowa ramowa między Stolicą Apostolską i Republiką Burundi w sprawach wspólnego interesu z 6 listopada 2012 roku narzędziem inkulturacji na kontynencie afrykańskim

100%

Góralski W.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

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2020

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vol. 30

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issue 1

49-74

EN

Among quite a long catalogue of agreements concluded by the Holy See with African states after the Second Vatican Council there is the framework agreement (Accord-cadre) on mutual interest (sur matières d’intérêt commun) concluded on 6 November 2012 with the Republic of Burundi. The treatise consisting of the preamble, 22 articles and the annex regulates a wide range of matters of interest to both parties. Apparently it is a considerable instrument aimed at mutual dialogue of the culture and faith, which enriches both parties. The preamble of the agreement composed of seven paragraphs features the objective, rationale and circumstances of its conclusion. The arrangements included in particular articles of the Frame- work Agreement deal with the following issues: general matters, exercise of the God’s cult, church nominations, crimes committed by the clergy and members of religious orders, the secret of confession and professional secret, material goods of ecclesiastical legal persons and the clergy, sacral and church buildings, the use of the mass media by the Church, marriage, congregating of the faithful, running educational and fostering facilities by the Church, running charitable institutions by Church, the state’s financial contribution in the activities pursued by the Church for the nation, ministerial care over persons engaged in armed and security forces and over persons staying in closed facilities and institutes, final provisions. It should be hoped that while bridging the differences between the Church and country’s tribal culture the agreement of the Holy See and the Republic of Burundi will become to some extent and effective tool of inculturation on the African continent.

PL

W dość długi już katalog umów zawieranych po Soborze Watykańskim II przez Stolicę Apostolską z państwami afrykańskimi wpisała się umowa ramowa (Accord-cadre) w sprawach wspólnego interesu (sur matières d’intérêt commun) zawarta 6 listopada 2012 r. z Republiką Burundi. Traktat ten, obejmujący preambułę, 22 artykuły oraz aneks, reguluje szeroki wachlarz spraw interesujących obydwie strony. Stanowi znaczący, jak się wydaje, instrument służący wzajemnemu, obustronnie wzbogacającemu dialogowi kultury z wiarą. Preambuła umowy, obejmująca siedem akapitów, wskazuje cel, przesłanki i okoliczności jej zawarcia. Uzgodnienia zawarte w Umowie ramowej, zawarte w poszczególnych artykułach, dotyczą następujących spraw: zasady ogólne, sprawowanie kultu Bożego, nominacje kościelne, przestępstwa duchownych i osób zakonnych oraz sekrety: spowiedzi i zawodowy, dobra materialne kościelnych osób prawnych oraz duchownych, budownictwo sakralne i kościelne, posługiwanie się przez Kościół środkami przekazu, małżeństwo, zrzeszanie się wiernych, prowadzenie przez Kościół placówek oświatowych i wychowawczych, prowadzenie przez Kościół instytucji dobroczynnych, udział finansowy Państwa w działalności Kościoła na rzecz narodu, opieka duszpasterska nad zaangażowanymi w siłach zbrojnych i bezpieczeństwa oraz nad przebywającymi w zakładach i instytutach zamkniętych, postanowienia końcowe. Należy mieć nadzieję, że umowa Stolicy Apostolskiej i Republiki Burundi, uchylając rozdźwięk między Kościołem a kulturą plemienną tego kraju, stanie się – w jakiejś mierze – skutecznym narzędziem inkulturacji na kontynencie afrykańskim.

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Politics of Muslim minority in Uganda and Burundi

87%

Żero B.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2020

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issue 2-3 (274-275) "Świat islamu w perspektywie badań arabistycznych i politologicznych Historia i współczesność"

255-264

EN

There are Muslim minorities in Burundi and Uganda that are influenced by their Christian co-citizens rather than other Islamic states. They live their Islamic faith with the feeling of being marginalised by the rest of society. They have ambitions to play more active role in politics. While looking for their Islamic identity, they struggle with the negative perception of the origins of their faith linked to the Arab slave trade, with the feeling of alienation by Christian majority, the lack of education, and the weakness of their leadership. Muslim approach to the past tries to defend the achievements of Kiswahili culture and absolve the shameful parts of history, e.g. slavery or Idi Amin’s dictatorship. They show great creativity in commerce and are able to create a strong sense of community. Muslim presence in Burundi and Uganda can be seen through some geographical sites and monuments which symbolise political aspirations of the Muslims. Kibuli and Old Kampala, the hills of the Ugandan capital, with their imposing mosques testify to the vitality of Muslim community. Communities in Iganga and Mbale districts have built Islamic Umma and started the most important educational project – the Islamic University. Buyenzi, the suburb of the Burundian capital, and districts on the shores of Lake Tanganyika are places where economic aspirations of Burundian Muslims are realised. There is a twofold dynamic in the politics of Muslim communities. On the one hand, they strongly hold to the tradition based on Kiswahili language, culture and commerce; on the other hand, they try to advance on the political stage by searching for strong Muslim leaders. The Muslims of Uganda and Burundi tend to withdraw from public politics when they lack a charismatic leader. How can Muslim society remain the leading group in politics? To claim the place in the society there must be more emphasis put on education. Muslims seem to be aware of this need and have already taken some measures.

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Security challenges on business and economy: „Entrepreneurship in a fragile state of Burundi”

87%

Bikorimana C., Nziku D. M.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2024

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vol. 133

119-153

EN

Background: Burundi is a country which has been deeply affected by political instability, and low-intensity conflict causing a lack of jobs, slowing economic recovery, and poverty reduction with entrepreneurship playing a vital role in most Burundian entrepreneurs’ survival (IFC, 2022; Nintunze, Bigirimana, 2021). Nkurunziza (2022) argues that state fragility in Burundi is caused by poor strategies and policies of its political leaders, who are motivated by personal interests, such as state rent extraction which maintains a lack of security. Nziku and Bikorimana (2024) comment on poor policies and strategies that are gender blind and not fit for the purpose and lack support. The purpose of this study is to critically investigate the impact of security challenges on entrepreneurship in the fragile state of Burundi. To achieve this aim, researchers have designed three research objectives: a) to examine how the security challenges affect entrepreneurship in this fragile country post-conflict; b) to explore the strategies employed by entrepreneurs to start and grow their ventures; c) to provide key recommendations for policymakers to enhance peace, security, and good governance. Such actions can help to achieve stability and peacebuilding for all Burundians. The originality of this study lies in the investigation of security challenges faced by Burundian entrepreneurs due to state fragility. State fragilities are perceived as major barriers to entrepreneurship development because they add additional constraints and restrict the growth of ventures and entrepreneurs reaching their full potential. Research purpose: A qualitative study was conducted in Burundi using institutional theory (North, 1990 and Scott, 2003) with empirical data from semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 20 respondents including 2 stakeholders. The interviews were conducted in two cities, Bujumbura capital and Cibitoke Province, less developed compared to other Provinces of Burundi. The study used a purposive sampling method to recruit 15 respondents (Ilker et al., 2016) and 5 interviewees using the snowball method (Saunders et al., 2016). The interviews were conducted in Kirundi (the national language of Burundi), audio-recorded, translated to English then transcribed using a Word document. A six-step thematic framework for data analysis was used in data analysis (Braun, Clarke, 2017). Findings and discussions: The findings of this study revealed that many Burundian entrepreneurs are affected by the lack of security, weak business environment and slow economic growth, lack of durable peace, poor governance, and lack of institution support. Addition challenges were linked to lack of finance, poor infrastructure, poverty, poor market penetration and lack of management and technical skills. Behind those challenges, many women, and young entrepreneurs face challenges due to lack of access to property ownership, and jobs to enter entrepreneurship. Other barriers faced by women in Burundi were related to gender inequality, violence, lack of education, low market, lack of suppliers, and lack of business support (Nintunze, Bigirimana, 2021). The result of this study found that Burundian entrepreneurs used different strategies to survive while trading in fragile states post-conflict and building resilience. Recommendations for peace dialogue to resolve conflicts, maintain peace, build social cohesion and better communication between different members of society. Researchers in this study recommend Burundian government focus on reforming its institutions, building, and restoring infrastructures, reinforcing regulation, providing better access to finance, developing human capital and markets as well and tackling corruption. The novelty of this study lies in the contributions to the literature related to security challenges for Burundi, a country which remains under-researched.

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1 Przegląd Orientalistyczny

1 Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

1 Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

1 Bikorimana C.

1 Góralski W.

1 Nziku D. M.

1 Żero B.

1 2024

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Umowa ramowa między Stolicą Apostolską i Republiką Burundi w sprawach wspólnego interesu z 6 listopada 2012 roku narzędziem inkulturacji na kontynencie afrykańskim

Politics of Muslim minority in Uganda and Burundi

Security challenges on business and economy: „Entrepreneurship in a fragile state of Burundi”