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EN
This paper presents fi ndings on the interpretation of the poetry of Vasko Popa in the last 25 years. They point to a shift in the analyzes that follow new theoretical insights. In the case of collections Vertical land shows how the medieval Serbian and Byzantine heritage built into the cycle of poems in the collection, with special emphasis on the cycle of „Pilgrimage”.
EN
The article is an attempt to critically evaluate the manifestations of the philosophical culture sprouting in Rus’. With the baptism in the Byzantine Rite, Rus’ in the 10th century joined the family of Christian nations and defined the future direction of her own cultural development. The Middle Ages in Rus’ were eminently theocentric. Literature (which was mostly translated from the Greek in Bulgarian monasteries) had a religious character. Sacral content, assimilated in Rus’ mainly through the Old Church Slavonic (due to the scarce knowledge of Greek) had a decisive influence on formation of the philosophical worldview of Rus’ intellectual elite. The Bible thus became the main reference framework for the first Rus’ thinkers-philosophers: Ilarion of Kiev († 1055), Kirill of Turov († 1183) and Kliment Smolatič († 1164). Ilarion of Kiev, the first metropolitan of the Kievan Rus’ in his rhetoric work (which postulated the superiority of the New Testament to the Old) expressed a philosophical thesis of the equality of all Christian nations before God. Kliment Smolatič, the second metropolitan of Rus’, in his Letter to Presbyter Foma, defended the allegorical method of interpretating the Bible. Kirill of Turov, in his turn, in his Parable of the human soul and body allegorically tried to answer the question about the relationship of the body and the soul. For the Rus’ thinkers the content of the Bible served as a pretext for philosophical reflection, e.g. on the role of man in the universe, on the nature of reality, on the relation between matter and spirit. In their works we find the beginnings of the theory of knowledge, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony został historycznym aspektom edukacji muzycznej w Rosji. Droga powstawania rosyjskiego systemu edukacji muzycznej omówiona została w kontekście historyczno-teoretycznym i pedagogicznym. W oparciu o dostępne materiały źródłowe i prace darzonych autorytetem badaczy, przeanalizowano węzłowe momenty ewolucji rosyjskiej profesjonalnej edukacji muzycznej. Rozwój ojczystej sztuki muzycznej i edukacji postępował na przestrzeni całej historii Rosji, wywierając specyficzny wpływ na rożne sfery życia i pozostawiając wyraźny ślad w kulturowej spuściźnie kraju. W ciągu omówionych w artykule okresów nagromadziło się ogromne i ważne doświadczenie historyczno-pedagogiczne, stanowiące podstawę współczesnego wychowania muzycznego w Federacji Rosyjskiej.
EN
This article is devoted to the historical aspects of music education in Russia. The path on which the Russian music education system has been forming is discussed here in historical-theoretical and pedagogical contexts. Based on the available documentary material and papers by authoritative researchers, crucial moments in the evolution of professional music education in Russia have been analysed. The development of native musical art and music education has been progressing throughout the entire history of Russia, influencing various areas of life peculiarly and leaving a distinct mark on the country’s cultural heritage. Over the periods discussed in the article, a vast and significant historical- pedagogical experience has accumulated, fundamental to the contemporary music education in the Russian Federation.
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