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1

SÚVISLOSTI VZNIKU IRACKEJ ARMÁDY (1920 – 1922)

100%
Sorby K.
Vojenská história
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
92 - 109
EN
The study is devoted to the situation after World War I, when Britain was granted a mandate over Iraq to help it advance to readiness for full independence in the San Remo Conference (April 1920). In June 1920 an armed revolt against British rule broke out and quickly spread through the mid-Euphrates regions. The heavily armed and surprisingly determined tribes scored a number of early and significant successes. The crushing of the revolt involved besides cost of lives the expenditure of huge amounts from the British Treasury. Mr. Churchill, in taking charge of Near and Middle East affairs, called a conference to Cairo on March 1921. The questions considered by the conference included as problems concerning Iraq the immediate reduction of British expenditure in Iraq with the consequent revision of the policy involving: 1. future relationship of Iraq to Great Britain; 2. person of the future ruler of Iraq; 3. nature and composition of the defence forces of the new state which was to assume an increasing share of its own defence.
2

BRITAIN´S PRESSING NEED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN IRAQI ARMY

88%
Sorby K. J.
Asian and African Studies
|
2017
|
vol. 26
|
issue 1
22 – 40
EN
Britain was granted a mandate over Iraq to help it advance to readiness for full independence in the San Remo Conference (April 1920) after World War I. In June 1920, an armed revolt against British rule broke out and quickly spread through the mid-Euphrates regions. The heavily armed and surprisingly determined tribes scored a number of early and significant successes. The crushing of the revolt involved besides the cost of lives the expenditure of huge amounts from the British Treasury. Winston Churchill, in taking charge of the Near and Middle East affairs, called a conference to Cairo on March 1921. The questions considered by the conference included the immediate reduction of British expenditure in Iraq with the consequent revision of policy involving 1. future relationship of Iraq to Great Britain; 2. the person of the future ruler of Iraq; 3. the nature and composition of the defence forces of the new state which was to assume an increasing share of its own defence.
3

IRAQ FROM FAYSAL’S ASCENDANCY TO THE THRONE TO THE RATIFICATION OF THE FIRST ANGLO-IRAQI TREATY (1921 – 1924)

75%
Sorby K. J.
Asian and African Studies
|
2012
|
vol. 21
|
issue 2
199 – 219
EN
Faced with strong nationalist agitation, the British government did not ask the League of Nations for the formal assignment of a mandate, but instead it decided to exercise its control by means of a treaty with Iraq. The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty was concluded in October 1922. Together with four important subsidiary agreements, it confirmed British control of Iraq by giving Britain the right to (1) appoint advisers to the Iraqi government (2) assist the Iraqi army (3) protect foreigners (4) advice Iraq on fiscal matters, and (5) advice Iraq on matters of foreign relations. The treaty also provided for an open-door policy to be implemented by Britain, foresaw British financial assistance to Iraq, and guaranteed the non-alienation of Iraqi territory by Britain. It was to operate for twenty years, but by a protocol signed in 1923 its period was reduced to four years. In its really vital provisions, the treaty did not much differ from the draft mandate that had come up for consideration before the League of Nations in September 1921, but had never been formally adopted. Iraq´s king Faysal I accepted the treaty with pragmatic calculation and weathered the subsequent political outcry, fully intending to continue to press for the independence the country demanded.
4

KÁHIRSKÁ KONFERENCIA 1921. KLADENIE ZÁKLADOV BRITSKEJ POLITIKY NA BLÍZKOM VÝCHODE PO PRVEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNE

75%
Sorby Jr. K.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
|
2010
|
vol. 3
|
issue 1
71 – 86
EN
The Hāshimite claim to Arab leadership had been born almost haphazardly in the circumstances of the First World War. It was far from being accepted by all the Arabs and would always suffer from its sponsorship by Britain. But the total Ottoman collapse did give Britain and France a brief period in which they felt that they could act largely as they pleased. Inducing Arabs under the rule of the Ottoman Turks to rebel against their oppressors the British and French during the First World War convinced the Hāshimite clan that they would rule over the Arab Middle East. Later on, having been awarded by the League of Nations the mandates for the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire the victorious powers began to consider those territories as their colonies. Apart from the fighting in Syria, there were uprisings in Egypt, Iraq and Palestine, because the Arab hopes had been thwarted by the establishment of administrations on colonial lines with virtually no Arab participation. The Arab rebellions could be put down only at heavy costs. The post-war economy caused the British government to act. Winston Churchill as Colonial Secretary, with T. E. Lawrence as adviser, held a conference in Cairo in March 1921. No Arabs were present, but the meeting was attended by the high commissioners for Iraq, Egypt and Palestine. It was decided to carry out the arrangement already prepared in London to make Amīr Faysal King of Iraq. Churchill’s decision regarding Iraq was to have calamitous consequences as quite different communities – the Sunnī Muslim Arabs, Sunnī Muslim Kurds, and Shīcī Muslim Arabs – were put under a single ruler. Many people say, that Churchill’s decision of 1921 continue to cause terrible grief to Iraq’s indigenous people and anxiety to the rest of the world.
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