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Sympatia, nieufność, wyczekiwanie. Postawy polityczne

100%
EN
U.S. evaluation of the events in Poland between August 1980 and December 1981 decisively determined the fear of Soviet intervention like the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and the culmination of the election campaign presidential election. Therefore, the main slogan of American diplomacy, repeated like a mantra, it was nieinterweniowanie in internal Polish affairs, which were to be resolved by the Poles themselves. This dogma has been adopted by all democratic countries around the world, and the most consistently implemented by the members of NATO.
EN
The article presents different forms and activities of the legally-protected intangible cultural heritage with the special focus on the carnival. On the UNESO Intangible Cultural Heritage List there are currently 160 various activities, and only three carnivals among them. What is curious is that they are not the best-known or best-flourishing ones in the tourist attractions market. In the article, we will try to answer the following questions – why are so few carnival protected? and why, despite protection, the carnivals in Binche, Oruro and Barranquilla are not chosen by tourists as often as the carnivals in Venice or Rio de Janeiro? The article finishes with considerations of what form of cultural tourism is the carnival – is it event tourism? or is it the tourism of the legally-protected cultural heritage?
3
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Karnawał i „karnawał” w turystyce

88%
EN
The text outlines the issue of authenticity with regard to the experiences connected with tourism. The author presents how the way tourists perceive tourism and the way tourist industry perceives tourists themselves have changed over the years. With aesthetic categories in the background: post modernization, aesthetization and carnivalization, it presents changes taking place in everyday life of the western European civilization. Afterwards, on the basis of changes in perceiving the carnival, the author presents how these categories influence tourist needs.
EN
The concept of a grotesque body was brought into the history of art and aesthetics by Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin in his work François Rabelais and the folk culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The so-called carnival body represents in a broader context a literary tropic in which the idea of an ideal human anatomy stands in contrast to the carnival imagery of the body. The grotesque conception of the body in a folk song is applied against the background of the carnival and the principles represented by the undercurrent of the folk imagination. The world in which fish fly and birds swim in the water represents the world “on the contrary”. The human body is depicted in a similar way. The individual bodily organs act independently in the representation of the whole body, just as in ordinary social practice the “ideal” body acts in its unity of the whole. There is also an ambiguity of the human body present in the folk song, when a child and an old man meet in one body, the body receives and excretes, the body arises and at the same time the same body disappears. In terms of the poetics of the carnival human body in the folk song, we find a number of comic images, rich metaphor, but also expressiveness and the use of forbidden words.
EN
The article analyses the pre-ultimate volume of poetry by Andrzej Sosnowski. In her analysis of Sosnowski's works the author employs the categories of polyphony, materiality and performativity. Sosnowski's poetry is read as a kind of performance or carnival show whose interpretative context is the poet's own "performeresque” practice.
EN
A carnival stands not only for the festive time set by the religious calendar, but also for all games and shows which are part of the urban pop culture. Theoretical reflection on carnivalisation, i. e. a specific model of participation in culture, was initiated by Mikhail Bakhtin. The process of progressive carnivalisation of the urban space is associated with the development of spectator folklorism on the one hand and desementisation of the folk rituals on the other, i. e. with the expansion of festive events, which create common festive activity. The author brings up examples of carnivalisation of the public space in Polish towns from the middle ages until the contemporary times when the said process was joined by local government institutions, cultural institutions and foundations, whose interaction is to expose the emotional bonds with the promoted values among participants of a common, open, street „immediate theatre“.
EN
The article brings knowledge about the carnival mask of a bear or the traditional carnival parade, which has been preserved in the village of Josipovac Punitovački until today. Attention is paid to the preparation of the bear mask, as well as to the description of the actual content and course of the carnival parade. Terms used in the text, authentic verbal expressions, are marked in italics. One of the positive results of the revitalization of the carnival parade of bears, which was initiated by a local civic association based on the ethnic principle, is the registration of this intangible cultural element in the Register of Cultural Elements of the Republic of Croatia.
EN
Since the late 1990s in the Czech Republic, rural carnival celebrations in urban environments have become a phenomenon through which to experience and gain knowledge of cultural patterns associated with the pre-industrial period. This article explores some of the key elements that make carnival tradition an ideal resource for reimagining festivities in the modern era. The study also highlights the ways communication takes place within the public space and the sharing of common ideas through non-verbal means, which significantly strengthening society’s capacity for social resilience. The article focuses on carnivals held since the 2014 in Prague and its surroundings, examining how their contemporary manifestations are a tool for individual districts to make certain groups of inhabitants and their visions more visible. Based on long-term qualitative research on these events, the paper analyses the process of ‘carnivalisation’ and ‘communitisation’ in recent times and reflects on the role of collective memory in constructing the form of today’s carnivals. The main question asked is what kind of event these newly rethought carnivals represent. Carnival is perceived here as a politicised process of community building, lifestyle narration, and/or social protest.
9
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Kulturowy i turystyczny status Sylwestra

51%
EN
The article attempts to establish the cultural status of the New Year’s Eve, both as a total of traditional social practices and as a cultural tourism phenomenon. The author stresses its relation to the series of Carnival celebrations. They are connected mostly through a common category used to identify them – the rites of passage. Thanks to this category it is possible to grasp the social function of The New Year’s Eve omitting symbolic-cultural meanings of the traditional-folk activities underlying them.
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