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EN
The essence of the categories of «knowledge economy» and «knowledge-based economy» and the opportunity of their usage for characterizing of the economy of post-industrial society are considered.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2012
|
vol. 67
|
issue 3
208 – 220
EN
In this second part of the paper (its 1st part was published in the previous issue), the rules which govern the rational use of Marx’s categories are applied to the three misinterpretations of Marx’s theory: those of Michael Hauser, Wei Xiaoping and Ľuboš Blaha.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2012
|
vol. 67
|
issue 2
93 – 103
EN
The paper offers a reconstruction of Marx’s explanation of the origin of surplus-value in the production process. Subsequently, the analysis of the fundamental concepts or “categories” of this explanation leads to their classification embodying two pairs of “registers”. Rules which govern the rational use of these categories are derived as well. Thus Marx’s critique of political economy can be interpreted as a critique of systematic “categorial mistakes” due to breaking these rules when using categories in explanations and definitions. In the second part of the paper (intended to be published in the next issue), these rules are applied to three misinterpretations of Marx’s theory by Michael Hauser, Wei Xiaoping and Ľuboš Blaha.
EN
The object - an individuated, integral and continuous element of reality - is a basic unit of human cognition. Objects, spatial relations between them, and trajectories of their movements are the contents of the very first perceptions and categorizations. It is claimed that abstract things (numbers, values, etc.) are categorized and understood through 'reification' - by analogy to material objects. A complete and coherent analysis of object and reification concepts, and their relation to language, was proposed from an empiricist position by W. V. O. Quine. His proposal is at the same time an almost complete research program for cognitive developmental psychology. Here psychological reality of this program is analyzed in the light of contemporary research on object perception, individuation, perceptual and conceptual categorization, object permanence, inferring the object's causal role from different patterns of movement, and reification of abstract things. It is concluded that Quine accurately diagnozed the role and properties of the object category in cognition, but he underestimated the smartness and conceptual advance of cognitive tools used by the child at the very start. We refer here to mechanisms of object individuation, perception of object permanence, and attribution of causal roles on the basis of patterns of movement, and finally formation of basic ontological distinctions from the prelinguistic stage.
EN
The standards of dealer’s enterprise are worked out when proceeding from the main kinds of their activities. The determination methods of the automobile dealer’s category by the parameters of standard accordance are suggested.
EN
Different approaches to the interpretation of the category "investment" and "innovation" have been presented and evaluated in this article. The basic characteristics and particular qualities of investigated definition have been mentioned. The article shows that the basis of theoretical understanding of the investment and innovation process is showing of any economic system as a complex open system, which allows to use the principles of synergetic campaign for the development of effective models of transition systems from one state to another, qualitatively new state, and also makes it possible to search for universal principles of self-organization and evolution of complex economic systems. The author of the article suggests the model which allows describing qualitatively the self-consistent evolutionary action of investment and innovation processes of economic systems. In the framework of the adiabatic approximation shows the solution of the model, corresponding to the equation of the Landau-Khalatnikov synergy potential coincides with a similar potential for the usual Lorentz system.
EN
The aim of this paper is to show that Karl Marx’s critique of political economy can be interpreted as a critique of what philosophers have termed “category-mistakes”. Therefore, the author turns first to the origins of this term in Gilbert Ryle’s “Categories”, to further developments in “Philosophical Arguments” and in P. F. Strawson, as well as to W. H. Walsh’s approach to categories, to establish a workable meaning of the term “category-mistake”. In the second part, he discusses briefly some of the previous uses of this term in exegeses of Marx. Based on Marx’s writings and D. Sayer’s work on Marx’s methodology, the author explicate the meaning of Marx’s term “economic category”. Finally, he arrive at an interpretation of Marx’s critique of economic theories as an analysis concerned with the improper use of theoretical concepts. By way of conclusion, the author offers some general remarks on one important aspect of critique in Marx and in social science in general.
EN
The study deals with German jokes from the point of view of cognitive semantics. After anchoring the research object in the given branch of linguistics and defining the language misunderstanding as one of the basic starting points of jokes, the article deals with categorization system, with the help of which the author tries to describe the jokes from her corpus. She explains the individual categories and the relevance of their consideration in the research. The last chapter consists of an in-depth study of two jokes, which are analysed according to the given categories. Based on this analysis, conclusions are made about this way of categorization and examination of German jokes. It has been shown which of the categories are the most relevant ones for a cognitive-semantic research as well as what their function is.
EN
The article focuses on the links and relationships between morphological and syntactic categories in Slovak as a flectional type of language, emphasising the essence of the syntactic categories and their classification. The relationships between morphological and syntactic categories are based on the fact that the morphological units serve the construction of syntactic units. According to the author, syntactic category is a meaningful and formal unit which serves the study of fundamental aspects of the grammatical and semantic sentence structure, as well as its communication function. In this connection three main syntactic categories (or hyper-categories) are distinguished: the predicative category, the category of modality and the category of communication intention. To these three hyper-categories can be attached other categories or subcategories which express more specific aspects of the grammatical and semantic sentence structure (personality, appeal, the category of syntactic correlativity, negation, etc.).
EN
The linguistic status of the category of predication are found out in the article. Different methods, approaches for the analysis of structure of sentence are considered in the work. Some conclusion are made: the logical subject / predicate, the psychological subject / predicate, known / new, represent the same categories, but found out in different aspects. The connection of some aspects in studying of predication gives opportunities for theoretical and practical decision concerning actual problems in modern linguistics: question about classification of simple sentence, syntactic connection and semantics-syntactic relation as well as connection between the sentence and text.
EN
The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is a concept – a mental representation that captures knowledge of what constitutes a given category of things. Concepts are a natural bridge between the mind and the world, and semantic memory is our mental storehouse of knowledge about the world and it forms the foundation of our abilities to understand and produce language. This paper provides an overview of the analysis of the term “concept” from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. It also describes selected models of semantic memory that have been proposed. It will be also demonstrated how the term “concept” functions within these models.
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