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SETTLEMENTS OF THE CELTS IN SOUTHWESTERN SLOVAKIA

100%

Březinová G.

Študijné zvesti

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2023

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vol. 70

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issue 1

29 – 47

EN

The article is focused mainly on summarization of materials provided by documents on existence of settlements, settlement features from the territory of southwestern Slovakia and their possible use as residences. We also raise a question about the size and urbanism of settlements and their specifications from the aspect of a common inhabitant or elite of the society with higher status.

2

CELTS – THE GERMANS – THE SLAVS. ON THE TOPIC OF ETHNICITY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES OF PROTOHISTORICAL TRIBES

88%

Šalkovský P.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2021

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vol. 69

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issue suppl 2

479 - 485

EN

The article deals with the capabilities of archaeology and its cooperative scientific disciplines in the study of expressions of protohistorical collective identities’ ethnicity which are rather limited. Nowadays, we have considerable problems with ethnicity of a large group of tribes, the main bearers of the LaTène culture, although considerably numerous historical, linguistic, epigraphic, palaeographic, iconographic and other sources are also available here. Despite this fact, we know that the Celtic tribes were aware of their related identity. Although not all LaTène culture bearers were necessarily Celts, most of them were; at the same time, not all Celtic tribes maintained this culture after being included into the Antique world. We know that also tribes called Germanic were aware of their related identity. It is documented by the facts that they all spoke mutually understandable languages originating from Proto-German and shared very close mythology. Material culture of individual Germanic tribes is rather significant and, in many cases, typical of a tribe; however, in contact with the Roman Empire and the Huns, mainly their elites gave up their tribal and ethnic identity. A large group of tribes was called Sclavini, Anti, Veneti by antique authors of the 6th c. and documented under their own names – Slovene, slovenski narod, slovensko plemja since the 9th c., although they simultaneously used numerous tribal or regional names. Archaeologically, these oldest Slavs are represented by three related cultures – Prague, Penkovka and Koločin, which are interpreted as historically known Sclaveni, Antes and Veneti, from which individual branches of the Slavs developed.

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LATE IRON AGE GRAVE WITH HUMAN REMAINS FROM APAHIDA IN THE COLLECTION OF ENDRE OROSZ

88%

Berecki S.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2021

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vol. 69

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issue suppl 2

125 – 119

EN

In 2015, the grandchildren of Endre Orosz, a self-thought archaeologist and collector who operated mainly in Cluj County, donated his archaeological collection to the Mureş County Museum. Cremated human remains of one of the Late Iron Age graves in Apahida, Transylvania were also found among the findings. From the nearly one hundred Late Iron Age graves, this is the only known finding suitable for anthropological analyses.

4

EIN SINGULÄRER BRONZEFUND AUS SLATINA NAD BEBRAVOU (SLOWAKEI)

75%

Thomas R.

Študijné zvesti

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2018

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issue 64

115 - 147

EN

Burnt sacrifice of the middle La Tène period was discovered in the mountain region near Slatina nad Bebravou (Slovakia) in 2016. Among Celtic fibulas and parts of belts which can be dated from the second half to the end of the 3rd Century B.C., it contained also fragments of destroyed Greek bronze reliefs. Distinguishable are a male and a female head, parts of weapons, streaming pleats of garments and a naked female breast. Most probably the subject of the representation is an Amazonomachie. In comparison to a pair of bronze reliefs in the British Museum, London, which were found at Siris in the vicinity of Taranto, there are many indications that the Slatina fragments originally also belonged to shoulder reliefs of a cuirass. Like the bronzes from Siris, the reliefs from Slatina can be dated stylistically to the latter half of the 4th Century B.C. and be ascribed with some probability also to a Tarantina workshop. Presumably passing Galatian tribes looted the reliefs in a Panhellenic Greek sanctuary like Delphi and sacrificed them later in Slatina.

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AKTIVITY KELTOV NA LOKALITÁCH Z DOBY POPOLNICOVÝCH POLÍ NA SLOVENSKU

75%

Mitáš V., Furmánek V.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2021

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vol. 69

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issue 2

323 – 345

EN

The authors of the article analyse a remarkable phenomenon – occurrence of material from the La Tène period at sites of the Urnfield period. Their deeper interest in this topic follows from the stated sporadically presence of iron artifacts from the Late Iron Age at systematically excavated burial grounds of the South-Eastern Urnfields in the area of Cinobaňa and Radzovce villages in the south of central Slovakia. However, traces of activities of historical Celts are also evident at cremation burial grounds of other contemporary cultures or in tumuli from the Late Bronze Age in other regions of Slovakia. Typical and often peculiar artifacts from the La Tène period also come from several upland sites and hillforts predominantly settled by the Urnfield culture or from the Early Iron Age. The authors not try to present also the studied finds selectively, they attempt to categorise, interprete and last but not least, compare them with similar material from the neighbouring countries.

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GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND PHOENICIAN IMPORTS AND IMPACTS IN LA TÈNE BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA

75%

BOUZEK J.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

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2011

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vol. 47

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issue 1-2

63-87

EN

The article summarizes the evidence of Etruscan, Greek, Phoenician and Early Roman imports in La Tène period of Bohemia and Moravia. Pottery, bronze vessels and other objects and glass are discussed, also coins and the Mediterranean elements in architecture and crafts.

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EVOLUTION OF FUNERAL RITE AT CELTIC BURIAL GROUNDS IN THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA (Vyvoj pohrebneho ritu na keltskych pohrebiskach z uzemia Slovenska)

75%

Harustiak J.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

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2009

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vol. 57

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issue 1

117-168

EN

The study presents results from analysis of funeral rite evolution at Celtic flat burial grounds in the territory of South-western, South-central and Eastern Slovakia (32 necropolises, 462 dated grave units). It selected burial grounds from the Lower Austria (Pottenbrunn), Transdanubia (Almasfuzito, Magyarszerdahely-Homoki dulo, Rezi-Rezicseri) and from the Tisa basin (Bodroghalom, Kiskotaj-Kultelkek, Muhi-Kocsmadomb) within the total of 220 graves. Statistical and comparative analyses were used for evaluation of the burial rite evolution and chronology of their expressions. Chronological frame of the work is representing by the Early and Middle La Tene period within the LTB1, LTB2 and LTC1 stages, with the absolute chronology ranging between the years 380-180 BC. The funeral rite development was analysed by five categories: 1 - graves representation by funeral rite and grave inventory character; 2 - grave pit shape and arrangement; 3 - treating with the deceased's grave inventory; 4 - way of arranging of cremated remains in grave; 5 - position of grave inventory toward cremated bones. Based on the analysis results, the funeral rite evolution was evaluated within four time intervals: 1 - early and middle phase of the LTB1 stage (cremation presented in the territory of the Lower Austria in the Early La Tene A stage and in Transdanubia); 2 - end of the LTB1 stage and the LTB1/B2 transitional horizon (occurrence of the first cremation burial in the territory of Slovakia - necropolis at Male Kosihy with the earliest cremation burials in the Slovak territory; cremation graves appear in Eastern Slovakia and the Tisa basin as well, where the Celts were contacted with the Vekerzug population, what is proved by cremation burials with mixed Celtic-Vekerzug inventory); 3 - the LTB2 stage up to the LTB2/C1 transitional horizon (transition to cremation and increasing number of cremation graves also at another burial grounds; shifting of occurrence of cremation burial westwards to the space between the lower Hron and Zitava river; partial abandoning the rigorous cremation rite at necropolises with cremation graves since this period); 4 - the LTC1 stage (cremation rite is present almost at each burial site; majority of grave inventories include undamaged artefacts; the strict cremation rite survives mainly in the south of Central Slovakia, in Eastern Slovakia and in the Tisa river basin; proportion of inhumation and cremation graves is almost even, what can be stated the true bi-rituality in the period under study).

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THE FALL OF PHAETHON: A GRECO-ROMAN GEOMYTH PRESERVES THE MEMORY OF A METEORITE IMPACT IN BAVARIA (SOUTH-EAST GERMANY) (Phaetoni langemine: kreeka-rooma geomuut meteoriidi moju malestuse sailitajana Baieris (Kagu-Saksamaa))

75%

Barbara R., Rappengluck Michael A., Ernstson K., Mayer W., Neumair A., Sudhaus D., Liritzis I.

Mäetagused

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2011

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vol. 48

7-22

EN

Arguing from a critical reading of the text, and scientific evidence on the ground, the authors show that the myth of Phaethon - the delinquent celestial charioteer - remembers the impact of a massive meteorite that hit the Chiemgau region in Bavaria between 2000 and 428 BC.

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Miecz obosieczny z okolic Bydgoszczy. Krótki przyczynek do badań nad uzbrojeniem w okresie przedrzymskim

63%

Kaczmarek Ł.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2012

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issue 5

157-164

PL

The analysed sword, discovered in one of the lakes in the environs of Bydgoszcz, found now in the collection of MPPP in Gniezno, is to associated with the earlier pre-Roman period. It may be classified as type II two-edged sword from the aforesaid period, after typology suggested by P. Łuczkiewicz. His chronology, following typological analysis and analogous finds in the areas of the Oksywie and the Przeworsk culture should be estimated as phase A2 – A3. The most proximate analogy comes from the area of Cuiavia, where, in similar conditions, a sword was discovered in Inowrocław-Mątwy (recovered from the Noteć river). A singular feature of the sword is the armourer’s mark which permits to ascribe it to a Celtic workshop. The sword from Bydgoszcz was probably made in a local workshop, in imitation of the Celtic swords. The occurrence of two-edged swords on the areas inhabited by Celts has a mass character, which is probably why swords of this type in the lands of Poland need to be associated with their temporary presence in Silesia and in Małopolska, or with the strong influence of the Latenian culture streaming from the south of Europe. A double-edged was a basic weapon, and of huge significance, which corresponded with the Celtic model of armament. Its co-occurrence with a weapon of a different kind reflected various groups of warriors, perhaps it existed not only as a weapon but also as a manifestation of a certain social status. The analysed sword supplements the group of finds of the type for earlier pre-Roman period, and may attest to a contact of societies inhabiting the basin of the Oder and the Vistula with Celts, also with regard to other areas of life.

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VÝVOJ OSÍDLENIA NA STREDNOM POHRONÍ OD DOBY LATÉNSKEJ DO VČASNÉHO STREDOVEKU

63%

Beljak J., Kučeráková K.

Študijné zvesti

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2015

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issue 57

7 - 56

EN

The study focused on the settlement of the middle Hron River Basin deals with the archaeological finds from the La Tene Period up to the early middle Ages. Already, this area was closely related to significant trade routes in the early historical periods, and moreover, it provided sources of raw material. While so far the pre-Púchov horizon has not been clearly confirmed in the valleys and basins, bearers of the Púchov Culture made use not only of the more difficult to access hill-top sites, but settled along the banks of the brooks in the Pliešovská, Zvolenská and Žiarska basins. The Púchov Culture settlements founded in La Tene Period on river terraces were being continually settled also in the early Roman Period. However, many hill-top sites, especially the ones settled already in the middle La Tene Period, were not already used by the Cotini in the early Roman Period. With the arrival of the Germanic peoples (the Quadi) in the last decades of the 2nd cent. AD the places of residence, compared to the early Roman Period and, partially, the La Tene Period as well, do not undergo a significant change. In the later Roman Period the Púchov Culture´s hill-top sites are not settled by the Quadi. In the late Roman Period the Quadi settle in unfavourable zones as well, and they also expand to hill-top sites on the tops of hills and to caves situated in the difficult to access terrains. There was a gradual continuation of the settlement into several locations on river terraces in this period. The situation changes during the Migration Period (stages D2 – D3). There are almost no relevant documents from this time regarding the settlement in lowland sites. The first Slavonic settlements come from the turn of the 6th and 7th cent. Unlike the Celts and Germanic peoples, the Slavs did not occupy elevated places in mountainous regions in the first settlement wave. As early as in the 8th century several Slavonic settlements were situated above river terraces, and in the 9th century their number even increased.

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SETTLEMENTS OF THE CELTS IN SOUTHWESTERN SLOVAKIA

CELTS – THE GERMANS – THE SLAVS. ON THE TOPIC OF ETHNICITY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES OF PROTOHISTORICAL TRIBES

LATE IRON AGE GRAVE WITH HUMAN REMAINS FROM APAHIDA IN THE COLLECTION OF ENDRE OROSZ

EIN SINGULÄRER BRONZEFUND AUS SLATINA NAD BEBRAVOU (SLOWAKEI)

AKTIVITY KELTOV NA LOKALITÁCH Z DOBY POPOLNICOVÝCH POLÍ NA SLOVENSKU

GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND PHOENICIAN IMPORTS AND IMPACTS IN LA TÈNE BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA

EVOLUTION OF FUNERAL RITE AT CELTIC BURIAL GROUNDS IN THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA (Vyvoj pohrebneho ritu na keltskych pohrebiskach z uzemia Slovenska)

THE FALL OF PHAETHON: A GRECO-ROMAN GEOMYTH PRESERVES THE MEMORY OF A METEORITE IMPACT IN BAVARIA (SOUTH-EAST GERMANY) (Phaetoni langemine: kreeka-rooma geomuut meteoriidi moju malestuse sailitajana Baieris (Kagu-Saksamaa))

Miecz obosieczny z okolic Bydgoszczy. Krótki przyczynek do badań nad uzbrojeniem w okresie przedrzymskim

VÝVOJ OSÍDLENIA NA STREDNOM POHRONÍ OD DOBY LATÉNSKEJ DO VČASNÉHO STREDOVEKU