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MEDIEVAL CERAMIC FLOOR TILES FROM DROHICZYN, STOLPIE, CHELM AND PRZEMYSL (Sredniowieczne ceramiczne plytki posadzkowe z Drohiczyna, Stolpia, Chelma i Przemysla)

100%

Wajda S.

Archeologia Polski

2009

vol. 54

issue 1

83-119

The floor tiles are discusses with the objective of identifying the products and reconstructing their manufacturing process. The centers in question were important in the Middle Ages, objects of rivalry between the Ruthenian and Piast princes. The tiles from Przemysl originated specifically from either Przemysl - Castle or Zasanie (site 89), where the remains of a pottery manufacturing workshop were discovered. With the exception of one example excavated at the fort (site 2), the ceramic tiles from Drohiczyn came from a surface survey carried out before World War II. At Chelm the tiles were uncovered on site 144 and from 11-13 Lubelska Street. In Stolpie, the tiles were found in layers connected with the first two phases of a tower complex located there. The tiles in question are dated to the end of the 12th/beginning of the 13th c. through the middle of the 14th c. The tiles from Chelm and Stolpie were produced from ferruginous and kaolin clays. In most cases, tile thickness oscillated around 2.5 cm; moreover, some of the tiles from Stolpie were about 3.5 cm thick and had narrower edges. The overall shape was that of an elongated rectangle. The only two whole tiles came from Drohiczyn have a sharper angle of beveling and are all coated with brown glaze. The tiles were made most probably in moulds devoid of a bottom part. The mould was filled with a ceramic mass and the face leveled. The underside of the tiles often shows post-production traces, like a sand bed or tool marks which are witness to prying a given piece from a moulding table. Items from different centers differ in dimensions, angle of beveling of the sides and shape: the Przemysl tiles are relatively thin (about 2.1 cm), seldom exceeding 2.5 cm, and they are on the whole unglazed; tiles from Zasanie look like production waste; tiles found at Przemysl Castle are like those from the pottery workshop site. It should be noted, however, that the tiles from the Castle can be both triangular and probably rectangular in shape, while those from the settlement are solely rectangular. The analyses demonstrated most of the tiles to be coated with a non-alkaline lead glaze. The glaze of tiles from Chelm and Drohiczyn belong to the lead-lime-silica type. Among the Przemysl tiles, one example of an alkaline lead-potassium-lime-silica glaze was recorded. The use of a lead-potassium recipe is believed to be typical of Early Medieval Ruthenian glass-making. The Stolpie and Chelm tiles form the most homogeneous sets. Some of the tiles from Stolpie demonstrated a chemical composition of the glaze very similar to that of the tiles from Castle Hill in Przemysl. Even so, the tiles from Przemysl are chronologically later; hence there is no reason to seek any direct contacts or influence. The same is true of the tiles made in Chelm and Drohiczyn - they differ in morphology as much as in the chemical composition of the glaze. Drohiczyn has yielded none of the kaolin-clay tiles that predominate in Chelm and Stolpie. Indeed, Drohiczyn appears to have been a separate center producing glazed pottery as indicated by finds of glazed vessels. Dendrograms illustrating the similarities in glaze composition of the floor tiles and pottery vessels from Chelm and Stolpie, as well as from Przemysl indicate a similar glaze recipe applied in the production of both categories of objects. The tiles from the sites appear to have the nearest parallels among finds from present-day Belarus and Ukraine. Figs 6, tables 2.

EARLY BLUE GLASS BRACELETS IN THE MIDDLE DANUBE REGION

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Březinová G., Venclová N., Frána J., Fikrle M.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2013

vol. 61

issue 1

107 – 142

Numerous finds of La Tène glass bracelets have come to light recently in south-west Slovakia. Attention has been focused on the dark blue bracelets of Haevernick Groups 3 and 2. Up to now, these bracelets were considered to belong to the very late types, including the blue specimens, with their occurrence limited to LTD. However, it seems that in the case of the blue bracelets, new groups may be defined, based on the decoration of figure-of-eight coils (Group 3b/1, 2b/1) or wavy lines (Group 3b/2, 2b/2), with a distribution in the Middle Danube region, namely in south-west Slovakia, Lower Austria and Moravia. According to find contexts as well as visual characteristics of glass and its decoration, the decorated sub-groups were manufactured in this part of Europe as early as in LTC1, or LTC1b at the latest, the undecorated sub-group 3a in LTC2. In LTD1 the production of bracelets of Groups 3 and 2, undecorated or with a wavy line, continued, but probably in other, most likely western European workshops. Chemical analysis (INAA) of ten samples from Slovakia has placed the analysed bracelets into two groups which had been previously identified in the collection of LTC1 – LTC2 glasses from Němčice in Moravia. It is significant that the blue bracelets, undecorated or with a wavy line, cannot be considered diagnostic artefacts of the LTD phase.It is not possible, at least in the Middle Danube region, to date find contexts in LTD based on their occurrence, as has been commonly the case. The identification of earlier and later specimens within Groups 3 and 2 perhaps will be possible in the future as the result of the application of more precise methods of chemical analysis.

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1 Archeologia Polski

1 Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

1 Březinová G.

1 Fikrle M.

1 Frána J.

1 Venclová N.

1 Wajda S.

1 2013

1 2009

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MEDIEVAL CERAMIC FLOOR TILES FROM DROHICZYN, STOLPIE, CHELM AND PRZEMYSL (Sredniowieczne ceramiczne plytki posadzkowe z Drohiczyna, Stolpia, Chelma i Przemysla)

EARLY BLUE GLASS BRACELETS IN THE MIDDLE DANUBE REGION