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Thoughts on Milwaukee and Civil Rights, 1958–1968

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Leahy S. M.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

2015

vol. 41

issue 4 (158)

133–141

As I wrote my biography of Clement J. Zablocki, I became interested in determining who opposed Civil Rights in Milwaukee from 1958 to 1968. In 1958, a police shooting led to the beginning of Civil Rights agitation in the city. The area became a focus for Civil Rights opponents as Alabama Governor and Presidential candidate George Wallace famously campaigned for city’s Polish American votes in 1964. After a series of protests and riots in the South Side of Milwaukee in 1967, the city passed an Open Housing ordinance in the next year. That dictionary of popular wisdom, Wikipedia, explains that Milwaukee’s Polish Americans opposed Civil Rights as part of a “White Backlash.” I have decided to test that argument.

Black Churches and Their Attitudes to the Social Protest in the Civil Rights Era: Obedience, Civil Disobedience and Black Liberation Theology

63%

Napierała P.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

2020

vol. 46

issue 2 (176)

247–279

The article focuses on the diversity of attitudes that Black churches presented toward the social protest of the civil rights era. Although their activity has been often perceived only through the prism of Martin Luther King’s involvement, in fact they presented many different attitudes to the civil rights campaigns. They were never unanimous about social and political engagement and their to various responses to the Civil Rights Movement were partly connected to theological divisions among them and the diversity of Black Christianity (a topic not well-researched in Poland). For years African American churches served as centers of the Black community and fulfilled many functions of ethnic churches (as well as of other ethnic institutions), but the scope of these functions varied greatly – also during the time of the Civil Rights Movement. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to analyze the whole spectrum of Black churches’ attitudes to the civil rights protests, paying special attention to the approaches and strategies that are generally less known.

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2 Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

1 Leahy S. M.

1 Napierała P.

1 2020

1 2015

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Thoughts on Milwaukee and Civil Rights, 1958–1968

Black Churches and Their Attitudes to the Social Protest in the Civil Rights Era: Obedience, Civil Disobedience and Black Liberation Theology