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MARIA DABROWSKA'S DIARIES AS A SOURCE OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE

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Zarnowski J.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2008
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vol. 52
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issue 1
27-45
EN
The author considers the diaries of Maria Dabrowska covering the period 1914 to 1966 which have recently been made available in electronic form and recognises her as the most important Polish storyteller of the first half of the 20th century. He considers the importance of this work to research into the history of Poland during the 20th century. He emphasises Maria Dabrowska's specific view of political and social reality, which is not surprising given that she was a leading intellectual and artist. However, the diaries are not just a reflection of the author's personality but they also illustrate the attitudes that part of the Polish intelligentsia which during the years prior to independence in 1989 was called the 'independence intelligentsia'. This was a community which was largely liberal and left-wing whose views were shaped by concepts adopted at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. A broad spectrum of Polish society did not fully accept the views of that community. Nevertheless, at critical times (e.g. the invasion of Poland in 1939, resistance against the Germans in 1939-1944 or the communist crisis in 1956) Maria Dabrowska's diaries reflect the attitudes of most Poles. The diaries shed light on the situation and attitudes of the intelligentsia and intellectuals during the communist era and their attitudes to the authorities and the communist or socialist social and political programme.
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POLISH CATHOLICISM DURING CHANGING HISTORICAL CONDITIONS - PARTITIONS - COMMUNISM - INDEPENDENCE (Katolicyzm polski w zmieniajacych sie warunkach historycznych - rozbiory - komunizm - niepodleglosc)

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Zygmunt Z.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2010
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vol. 36
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issue 2(136)
93-104
EN
In the text, Polish Catholicism is understood as something broader than membership of the Polish Church. Polish Catholicism expresses a set of ideological behaviour and ideological values that affect both the manifestations of religious beliefs and principles of the Catholic faith, as well as a combination of these values with Polishness. This issue is placed within certain time frames, from the period of the partitions, through the interwar period, the war followed by communist rule, and ending with the subsequent independence. There is no doubt that each of these periods brought different circumstances, which also influenced the formation of Polish Catholicism. At the time of the partitions Catholicism retrenched the Polishness of a society exposed to pressure from the Russian Orthodox and Protestant Prussia. Clearly, it assumed different characteristics under the rule of the Habsburgs, strongly confronted with a radical social movement, especially in the Galician countryside. However, this politically difficult period of Polish history contributed towards shaping a conservative Catholicism resistant to religious novelties and left-wing influences. During the interwar period Polish Catholicism followed the same path, although it was exposed to left-liberal confrontation which dominated some aspects of life, i.e. upbringing. However, at the same time, vibrant Catholic activists (The Catholic Action) grew in strength and, although strongly decimated during the German occupation, was able to bear the consequences, enough to prevent the uprooting of catholicity from social life during the Polish People's Republic. Although the role of the hierarchy (Cardinal Wyszynski) and clergy was decisive in this respect, survival and successful development would have been impossible without the support of the Catholic community.
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ACTIVITIES OF THE PPR (POLISH WORKERS' PARTY) AIMED AT CHANGING THE IDEOLOGICAL ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS AND LECTURERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LÓDZ IN THE YEARS 1945-1947

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Supady J.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2008
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vol. 17
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issue 1-2(33-34)
133-143
EN
The attitude of the academic milieu towards the system imposed on Poland following the World War II was, in the first years of the after-war period, a decidedly disapproving one. The ruling Polish Workers' Party (PPR), formed on the orders of Joseph Stalin, was regarded as covertly representing Soviet interests in Poland. Evidence in support of such views came in the form of the authorities' repressions against people who manifested a patriotic stance. The PPR also tried to transform the ideological attitudes of the academic milieu, by using all kinds of tricks and manipulations. These included, for instance, the banning of celebrations of pre-war national holidays, and attempts to change the social make-up of students by means of so-called introductory years and preparatory courses, as well as the enrolment of 'trusted' students without secondary and sometimes even full elementary education. The autonomy of tertiary schools was being restricted through special decrees, and the students and lecturers were subject to continual indoctrination, with all of the schools' activities being under constant ideological supervision by the authorities. In such activities, the PPR was supported by pro-communist or left-wing student organizations (Zwiazek Walki Mlodych, Organizacja Mlodziezy TUR). However, sources show that the process of ideological penetration of the University of Lódz in the years 1945-1947 produced rather meagre results, in face of the resentment and hatred shown by the academic intelligentsia. This was, however, only the initial stage in the sovietisation of Poland.
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